mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

3DGS-Avatar: Animatable Avatars via Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2312.09228 ↗First posted 14 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 195

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce an approach that creates animatable human avatars from monocular videos using 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). Existing methods based on neural radiance fields (NeRFs) achieve high-quality novel-view/novel-pose image synthesis but often require days of training, and are extremely slow at inference time. Recently, the community has explored fast grid structures for efficient training of clothed avatars. Albeit being extremely fast at training, these methods can barely achieve an interactive rendering frame rate with around 15 FPS. In this paper, we use 3D Gaussian Splatting and learn a non-rigid deformation network to reconstruct animatable clothed human avatars that can be trained within 30 minutes and rendered at real-time frame rates (50+ FPS). Given the explicit nature of our representation, we further introduce as-isometric-as-possible regularizations on both the Gaussian mean vectors and the covariance matrices, enhancing the generalization of our model on highly articulated unseen poses. Experimental results show that our method achieves comparable and even better performance compared to state-of-the-art approaches on animatable avatar creation from a monocular input, while being 400x and 250x faster in training and inference, respectively.

Key facts. Cited by 195 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 66 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2023.

Builds on

66 of 81 references.

References · 66

  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  3. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
  4. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  5. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  6. 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
  7. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  8. 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
  9. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  10. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  11. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  12. 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
38 more
  1. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  2. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
  3. 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
  4. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  5. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  6. 2021AI Choreographer: Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation with AIST++cited by 479
  7. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  8. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
  9. 2021Light Field Networks: Neural Scene Representations with Single-Evaluation Renderingcited by 330
  10. 2022NeuMan: Neural Human Radiance Field from a Single Videocited by 244
  11. 2018Video Based Reconstruction of 3D People Modelscited by 237
  12. 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
  13. 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
  14. 2021SNARF: Differentiable Forward Skinning for Animating Non-Rigid Neural Implicit Shapescited by 221
  15. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
  16. 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 215
  17. 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
  18. 2020STAR: Sparse Trained Articulated Human Body Regressorcited by 194
  19. 2021Shape As Points: A Differentiable Poisson Solvercited by 186
  20. 2022PointAvatar: Deformable Point-based Head Avatars from Videoscited by 183
  21. 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
  22. 2022TAVA: Template-free Animatable Volumetric Actorscited by 172
  23. 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
  24. 2022Fourier PlenOctrees for Dynamic Radiance Field Rendering in Real-timecited by 164
  25. 2021H-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Rendering and Temporal Reconstruction of Humans in Motioncited by 157
  26. 2022ARAH: Animatable Volume Rendering of Articulated Human SDFscited by 139
  27. 2022InstantAvatar: Learning Avatars from Monocular Video in 60 Secondscited by 138
  28. 2023Vid2Avatar: 3D Avatar Reconstruction from Videos in the Wild via Self-supervised Scene Decompositioncited by 134
  29. 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
  30. 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
  31. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  32. 2022Structured Local Radiance Fields for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 116
  33. 2021Light Field Neural Renderingcited by 108
  34. 2021LEAP: Learning Articulated Occupancy of Peoplecited by 107
  35. 2023Human Gaussian Splatting: Real-time Rendering of Animatable Avatarscited by 105
  36. 2021Real-time Neural Radiance Caching for Path Tracingcited by 91
  37. 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
  38. 2023MonoHuman: Animatable Human Neural Field from Monocular Videocited by 85

50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 57; 2025: 91; 2026: 45.

195 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  2. 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 177
  3. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  4. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
  5. 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
  6. 2024MVSGaussian: Fast Generalizable Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 86
  7. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  8. 2024Fully Explicit Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 75
  9. 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
  10. 2024HumanSplat: Generalizable Single-Image Human Gaussian Splatting with Structure Priorscited by 54
  11. 2024SplatFields: Neural Gaussian Splats for Sparse 3D and 4D Reconstructioncited by 52
  12. 2023SWinGS: Sliding Windows for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 46
38 more
  1. 2024Textured Gaussians for Enhanced 3D Scene Appearance Modelingcited by 40
  2. 2024MeGA: Hybrid Mesh-Gaussian Head Avatar for High-Fidelity Rendering and Head Editingcited by 37
  3. 2024Baking Gaussian Splatting into Diffusion Denoiser for Fast and Scalable Single-stage Image-to-3D Generation and Reconstructioncited by 32
  4. 2025Vid2Avatar-Pro: Authentic Avatar from Videos in the Wild via Universal Priorcited by 31
  5. 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Priorcited by 30
  6. 2024Gaussian Garments: Reconstructing Simulation-Ready Clothing with Photorealistic Appearance from Multi-View Videocited by 25
  7. 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creationcited by 23
  8. 2024GVA: Reconstructing Vivid 3D Gaussian Avatars from Monocular Videoscited by 22
  9. 2024Expressive Gaussian Human Avatars from Monocular RGB Videocited by 21
  10. 2025HiMoR: Monocular Deformable Gaussian Reconstruction with Hierarchical Motion Representationcited by 21
  11. 2025DIPO: Dual-State Images Controlled Articulated Object Generation Powered by Diverse Datacited by 21
  12. 2024GaussianMarker: Uncertainty-Aware Copyright Protection of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
  13. 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Imagecited by 20
  14. 2024UV Gaussians: Joint Learning of Mesh Deformation and Gaussian Textures for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 17
  15. 2024iHuman: Instant Animatable Digital Humans From Monocular Videoscited by 17
  16. 2024Disco4D: Disentangled 4D Human Generation and Animation from a Single Imagecited by 17
  17. 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
  18. 20257DGS: Unified Spatial-Temporal-Angular Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
  19. 2025Optimized Minimal 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
  20. 2025VideoArtGS: Building Digital Twins of Articulated Objects from Monocular Videocited by 15
  21. 2024Survey on Modeling of Human-made Articulated Objectscited by 14
  22. 2024A Survey on 3D Human Avatar Modeling -- From Reconstruction to Generationcited by 13
  23. 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
  24. 2025HumanDreamer-X: Photorealistic Single-image Human Avatars Reconstruction via Gaussian Restorationcited by 13
  25. 2025FreeGave: 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videos by Gaussian Velocitycited by 13
  26. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  27. 2025PERSONA: Personalized Whole-Body 3D Avatar with Pose-Driven Deformations from a Single Imagecited by 13
  28. 2024GSTalker: Real-time Audio-Driven Talking Face Generation via Deformable Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  29. 2024Surfel-based Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Fast and Relightable Dynamic Human Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 12
  30. 2024DreamWaltz-G: Expressive 3D Gaussian Avatars from Skeleton-Guided 2D Diffusioncited by 12
  31. 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPscited by 12
  32. 2024Within the Dynamic Context: Inertia-aware 3D Human Modeling with Pose Sequencecited by 11
  33. 2024MonoGSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Gaussian Splatting-Guided Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 11
  34. 2025TaoAvatar: Real-Time Lifelike Full-Body Talking Avatars for Augmented Reality via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
  35. 2024DEGAS: Detailed Expressions on Full-Body Gaussian Avatarscited by 10
  36. 2024ToMiE: Towards Explicit Exoskeleton for the Reconstruction of Complicated 3D Human Avatarscited by 10
  37. 2024MultiGO: Towards Multi-level Geometry Learning for Monocular 3D Textured Human Reconstructioncited by 10
  38. 2024SqueezeMe: Mobile-Ready Distillation of Gaussian Full-Body Avatarscited by 10

50 most cited of 195 All 195 (JSON)