3DGS-Avatar: Animatable Avatars via Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce an approach that creates animatable human avatars from monocular videos using 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). Existing methods based on neural radiance fields (NeRFs) achieve high-quality novel-view/novel-pose image synthesis but often require days of training, and are extremely slow at inference time. Recently, the community has explored fast grid structures for efficient training of clothed avatars. Albeit being extremely fast at training, these methods can barely achieve an interactive rendering frame rate with around 15 FPS. In this paper, we use 3D Gaussian Splatting and learn a non-rigid deformation network to reconstruct animatable clothed human avatars that can be trained within 30 minutes and rendered at real-time frame rates (50+ FPS). Given the explicit nature of our representation, we further introduce as-isometric-as-possible regularizations on both the Gaussian mean vectors and the covariance matrices, enhancing the generalization of our model on highly articulated unseen poses. Experimental results show that our method achieves comparable and even better performance compared to state-of-the-art approaches on animatable avatar creation from a monocular input, while being 400x and 250x faster in training and inference, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 195 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 66 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2023.
Builds on
66 of 81 references.
References · 66
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
- 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
38 more
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
- 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
- 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
- 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
- 2021AI Choreographer: Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation with AIST++cited by 479
- 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
- 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
- 2021Light Field Networks: Neural Scene Representations with Single-Evaluation Renderingcited by 330
- 2022NeuMan: Neural Human Radiance Field from a Single Videocited by 244
- 2018Video Based Reconstruction of 3D People Modelscited by 237
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
- 2021SNARF: Differentiable Forward Skinning for Animating Non-Rigid Neural Implicit Shapescited by 221
- 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
- 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 215
- 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
- 2020STAR: Sparse Trained Articulated Human Body Regressorcited by 194
- 2021Shape As Points: A Differentiable Poisson Solvercited by 186
- 2022PointAvatar: Deformable Point-based Head Avatars from Videoscited by 183
- 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
- 2022TAVA: Template-free Animatable Volumetric Actorscited by 172
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
- 2022Fourier PlenOctrees for Dynamic Radiance Field Rendering in Real-timecited by 164
- 2021H-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Rendering and Temporal Reconstruction of Humans in Motioncited by 157
- 2022ARAH: Animatable Volume Rendering of Articulated Human SDFscited by 139
- 2022InstantAvatar: Learning Avatars from Monocular Video in 60 Secondscited by 138
- 2023Vid2Avatar: 3D Avatar Reconstruction from Videos in the Wild via Self-supervised Scene Decompositioncited by 134
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
- 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2022Structured Local Radiance Fields for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 116
- 2021Light Field Neural Renderingcited by 108
- 2021LEAP: Learning Articulated Occupancy of Peoplecited by 107
- 2023Human Gaussian Splatting: Real-time Rendering of Animatable Avatarscited by 105
- 2021Real-time Neural Radiance Caching for Path Tracingcited by 91
- 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
- 2023MonoHuman: Animatable Human Neural Field from Monocular Videocited by 85
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 57; 2025: 91; 2026: 45.
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- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 177
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
- 2024MVSGaussian: Fast Generalizable Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 86
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024Fully Explicit Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 75
- 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
- 2024HumanSplat: Generalizable Single-Image Human Gaussian Splatting with Structure Priorscited by 54
- 2024SplatFields: Neural Gaussian Splats for Sparse 3D and 4D Reconstructioncited by 52
- 2023SWinGS: Sliding Windows for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 46
38 more
- 2024Textured Gaussians for Enhanced 3D Scene Appearance Modelingcited by 40
- 2024MeGA: Hybrid Mesh-Gaussian Head Avatar for High-Fidelity Rendering and Head Editingcited by 37
- 2024Baking Gaussian Splatting into Diffusion Denoiser for Fast and Scalable Single-stage Image-to-3D Generation and Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2025Vid2Avatar-Pro: Authentic Avatar from Videos in the Wild via Universal Priorcited by 31
- 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Priorcited by 30
- 2024Gaussian Garments: Reconstructing Simulation-Ready Clothing with Photorealistic Appearance from Multi-View Videocited by 25
- 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creationcited by 23
- 2024GVA: Reconstructing Vivid 3D Gaussian Avatars from Monocular Videoscited by 22
- 2024Expressive Gaussian Human Avatars from Monocular RGB Videocited by 21
- 2025HiMoR: Monocular Deformable Gaussian Reconstruction with Hierarchical Motion Representationcited by 21
- 2025DIPO: Dual-State Images Controlled Articulated Object Generation Powered by Diverse Datacited by 21
- 2024GaussianMarker: Uncertainty-Aware Copyright Protection of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025Pippo: High-Resolution Multi-View Humans from a Single Imagecited by 20
- 2024UV Gaussians: Joint Learning of Mesh Deformation and Gaussian Textures for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 17
- 2024iHuman: Instant Animatable Digital Humans From Monocular Videoscited by 17
- 2024Disco4D: Disentangled 4D Human Generation and Animation from a Single Imagecited by 17
- 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
- 20257DGS: Unified Spatial-Temporal-Angular Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
- 2025Optimized Minimal 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
- 2025VideoArtGS: Building Digital Twins of Articulated Objects from Monocular Videocited by 15
- 2024Survey on Modeling of Human-made Articulated Objectscited by 14
- 2024A Survey on 3D Human Avatar Modeling -- From Reconstruction to Generationcited by 13
- 2024GlossyGS: Inverse Rendering of Glossy Objects with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025HumanDreamer-X: Photorealistic Single-image Human Avatars Reconstruction via Gaussian Restorationcited by 13
- 2025FreeGave: 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videos by Gaussian Velocitycited by 13
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
- 2025PERSONA: Personalized Whole-Body 3D Avatar with Pose-Driven Deformations from a Single Imagecited by 13
- 2024GSTalker: Real-time Audio-Driven Talking Face Generation via Deformable Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
- 2024Surfel-based Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Fast and Relightable Dynamic Human Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 12
- 2024DreamWaltz-G: Expressive 3D Gaussian Avatars from Skeleton-Guided 2D Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPscited by 12
- 2024Within the Dynamic Context: Inertia-aware 3D Human Modeling with Pose Sequencecited by 11
- 2024MonoGSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Gaussian Splatting-Guided Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2025TaoAvatar: Real-Time Lifelike Full-Body Talking Avatars for Augmented Reality via 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2024DEGAS: Detailed Expressions on Full-Body Gaussian Avatarscited by 10
- 2024ToMiE: Towards Explicit Exoskeleton for the Reconstruction of Complicated 3D Human Avatarscited by 10
- 2024MultiGO: Towards Multi-level Geometry Learning for Monocular 3D Textured Human Reconstructioncited by 10
- 2024SqueezeMe: Mobile-Ready Distillation of Gaussian Full-Body Avatarscited by 10
50 most cited of 195 All 195 (JSON)
- 2026Compressing 3D Gaussian Splatting via Cross-Representation Priors19 Sep 2026
- 2026Scanline-Aware Animatable Gaussian Avatars from Rolling-Shutter Videos18 Aug 2026
- 20264DHumanDiff: Direct Text-to-4DGS Generation for Consistent 360-Degree Dynamic Humans30 Jul 2026
- 2026FlexiAvatar: Unified 3D Gaussian Human Avatars Under Arbitrary Body Visibility21 Jul 2026
- 2026CaT-GS: Efficient 3DGS Rendering for Large Scale Scenes via Inter-frame Caching and Tile Scheduling20 Jul 2026
- 2026JacobianAvatar: Temporally Consistent Semi-rigid Avatar Reconstruction from a Monocular Video30 Jun 2026
- 2026HiReFF: High-Resolution Feedforward Human Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Sparse-View Video28 Jun 2026
- 2026RAGA: Real Time Ray Traced Gaussian Shadow Casting for 3DGS Avatar-Scene Interaction28 Jun 2026
- 2026CoGS: Compositional Dynamic Human-Object Scenes Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Video27 Jun 2026
- 2026Edit3DGS: Unified Framework for Dynamic Head Editing via 2D Instruction-Guided Diffusion and 3D Gaussian Splatting16 Jun 2026
- 2026Flex4DHuman: Flexible Multi-view Video Diffusion for 4D Human Reconstruction11 Jun 2026
- 2026RigPAPR: Rig-Based Animation of Static Neural Point Clouds from a Fixed-Viewpoint Video4 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Splatshot: 3D Face Avatar Generation from a Single Unconstrained Photo31 May 2026
- 2026SEMAGIC: Learning Semantically Consistent Deformable 3D Representations from In-the-Wild Images27 May 2026
- 2026SplitAvatar: One-shot Head Avatar with Autoregressive Gaussian Splitting25 May 2026
- 2026H-Flow: Self-supervised Human Scene Flow via Physics-inspired Joint Multi-modal Learning21 May 2026
- 2026DAMA: Disentangled Body-Anchored Gaussians for Controllable Multi-Layered Avatars20 May 2026
- 2026RHINO: Reconstructing Human Interactions with Novel Objects from Monocular Videos16 May 2026
- 2026Generalizable Human Gaussian Splatting via Multi-view Semantic Consistency28 Apr 2026
- 2026MUA: Mobile Ultra-detailed Animatable Avatars20 Apr 2026
- 2026NG-GS: NeRF-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Real-Time Human Reconstruction and Animation using Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting11 Apr 2026
- 2026F3G-Avatar : Face Focused Full-body Gaussian Avatar10 Apr 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026GEAR: GEometry-motion Alternating Refinement for Articulated Object Modeling with Gaussian Splatting9 Apr 2026
- 2026HOIGS: Human-Object Interaction Gaussian Splatting5 Apr 2026
- 2026Rendering Multi-Human and Multi-Object with 3D Gaussian Splatting3 Apr 2026
- 2026Information-Regularized Constrained Inversion for Stable Avatar Editing from Sparse Supervision3 Apr 2026
- 2026Director: Instance-aware Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scene Modeling and Understanding2 Apr 2026
- 2026Better Rigs, Not Bigger Networks: A Body Model Ablation for Gaussian Avatars1 Apr 2026
- 2026Autoregressive Appearance Prediction for 3D Gaussian Avatars1 Apr 2026
- 2026GenFusion: Feed-forward Human Performance Capture via Progressive Canonical Space Updates30 Mar 2026
- 2026Leveraging Avatar Fingerprinting: A Multi-Generator Photorealistic Talking-Head Public Database and Benchmark27 Mar 2026
- 2026AHOY! Animatable Humans under Occlusion from YouTube Videos with Gaussian Splatting and Video Diffusion Priors18 Mar 2026
- 2026VIRGi: View-dependent Instant Recoloring of 3D Gaussians Splats3 Mar 2026
- 2026Ani3DHuman: Photorealistic 3D Human Animation with Self-guided Stochastic Sampling22 Feb 2026
- 2026ShapeGaussian: High-Fidelity 4D Human Reconstruction in Monocular Videos via Vision Priors5 Feb 2026
- 2026PoseGaussian: Pose-Driven Novel View Synthesis for Robust 3D Human Reconstruction5 Feb 2026
- 2026JOintGS: Joint Optimization of Cameras, Bodies and 3D Gaussians for In-the-Wild Monocular Reconstruction4 Feb 2026
- 2026SkeletonGaussian: Editable 4D Generation through Gaussian Skeletonization4 Feb 2026
- 2026VRGaussianAvatar: Integrating 3D Gaussian Avatars into VR2 Feb 2026
- 2026ICo3D: An Interactive Conversational 3D Virtual Human19 Jan 2026
- 2026Mon3tr: Monocular 3D Telepresence with Pre-built Gaussian Avatars as Amortization12 Jan 2026
- 2026InpaintHuman: Reconstructing Occluded Humans with Multi-Scale UV Mapping and Identity-Preserving Diffusion Inpainting5 Jan 2026
- 2026Animated 3DGS Avatars in Diverse Scenes with Consistent Lighting and Shadows4 Jan 2026
- 2025Avatar4D: Synthesizing Domain-Specific 4D Humans for Real-World Pose Estimation18 Dec 2025
- 2025Visionary: The World Model Carrier Built on WebGPU-Powered Gaussian Splatting Platform9 Dec 2025
- 2025Frequency-Decomposed Avatar Representation for Varying Camera Distances3 Dec 2025
- 2025EmoDiffTalk:Emotion-aware Diffusion for Editable 3D Gaussian Talking Head30 Nov 2025
- 2025NoPo-Avatar: Generalizable and Animatable Avatars from Sparse Inputs without Human Poses20 Nov 2025
50 newest of 195 All 195 (JSON)
- 2024Baking Gaussian Splatting into Diffusion Denoiser for Fast and Scalable Single-stage Image-to-3D Generation and Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creationcited by 23
- 2024DreamWaltz-G: Expressive 3D Gaussian Avatars from Skeleton-Guided 2D Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
- 2025MoGA: 3D Generative Avatar Prior for Monocular Gaussian Avatar Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2025SVAD: From Single Image to 3D Avatar via Synthetic Data Generation with Video Diffusion and Data Augmentationcited by 2
- 2026AHOY! Animatable Humans under Occlusion from YouTube Videos with Gaussian Splatting and Video Diffusion Priorscited by 2
- 2026Ani3DHuman: Photorealistic 3D Human Animation with Self-guided Stochastic Samplingcited by 1
- 2026Splatshot: 3D Face Avatar Generation from a Single Unconstrained Photocited by 0
- 2026Flex4DHuman: Flexible Multi-view Video Diffusion for 4D Human Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Edit3DGS: Unified Framework for Dynamic Head Editing via 2D Instruction-Guided Diffusion and 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Edit3DGS: Unified Framework for Dynamic Head Editing via 2D Instruction-Guided Diffusion and 3D Gaussian Splatting16 Jun 2026
- 2026Flex4DHuman: Flexible Multi-view Video Diffusion for 4D Human Reconstruction11 Jun 2026
- 2026Splatshot: 3D Face Avatar Generation from a Single Unconstrained Photo31 May 2026
- 2026AHOY! Animatable Humans under Occlusion from YouTube Videos with Gaussian Splatting and Video Diffusion Priors18 Mar 2026
- 2026Ani3DHuman: Photorealistic 3D Human Animation with Self-guided Stochastic Sampling22 Feb 2026
- 2025MoGA: 3D Generative Avatar Prior for Monocular Gaussian Avatar Reconstruction31 Jul 2025
- 2025SVAD: From Single Image to 3D Avatar via Synthetic Data Generation with Video Diffusion and Data Augmentation8 May 2025
- 2024Baking Gaussian Splatting into Diffusion Denoiser for Fast and Scalable Single-stage Image-to-3D Generation and Reconstruction21 Nov 2024
- 2024DreamWaltz-G: Expressive 3D Gaussian Avatars from Skeleton-Guided 2D Diffusion25 Sep 2024
- 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priors29 Jun 2024
- 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creation9 Jan 2024
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 177
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
- 2024MVSGaussian: Fast Generalizable Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 86
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024Fully Explicit Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 75
- 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
- 2024HumanSplat: Generalizable Single-Image Human Gaussian Splatting with Structure Priorscited by 54
- 2024SplatFields: Neural Gaussian Splats for Sparse 3D and 4D Reconstructioncited by 52
- 2023SWinGS: Sliding Windows for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 46
12 most cited of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2026Compressing 3D Gaussian Splatting via Cross-Representation Priors19 Sep 2026
- 2026Scanline-Aware Animatable Gaussian Avatars from Rolling-Shutter Videos18 Aug 2026
- 20264DHumanDiff: Direct Text-to-4DGS Generation for Consistent 360-Degree Dynamic Humans30 Jul 2026
- 2026FlexiAvatar: Unified 3D Gaussian Human Avatars Under Arbitrary Body Visibility21 Jul 2026
- 2026CaT-GS: Efficient 3DGS Rendering for Large Scale Scenes via Inter-frame Caching and Tile Scheduling20 Jul 2026
- 2026JacobianAvatar: Temporally Consistent Semi-rigid Avatar Reconstruction from a Monocular Video30 Jun 2026
- 2026HiReFF: High-Resolution Feedforward Human Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Sparse-View Video28 Jun 2026
- 2026RAGA: Real Time Ray Traced Gaussian Shadow Casting for 3DGS Avatar-Scene Interaction28 Jun 2026
- 2026CoGS: Compositional Dynamic Human-Object Scenes Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Video27 Jun 2026
- 2026RigPAPR: Rig-Based Animation of Static Neural Point Clouds from a Fixed-Viewpoint Video4 Jun 2026
- 2026SEMAGIC: Learning Semantically Consistent Deformable 3D Representations from In-the-Wild Images27 May 2026
- 2026SplitAvatar: One-shot Head Avatar with Autoregressive Gaussian Splitting25 May 2026
12 newest of 182 All 182 (JSON)