mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networks

arXiv 2112.05131 ↗First posted 9 Dec 2021cs.CV cs.GRcited by 1,607

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Cited by 61 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce Plenoxels (plenoptic voxels), a system for photorealistic view synthesis. Plenoxels represent a scene as a sparse 3D grid with spherical harmonics. This representation can be optimized from calibrated images via gradient methods and regularization without any neural components. On standard, benchmark tasks, Plenoxels are optimized two orders of magnitude faster than Neural Radiance Fields with no loss in visual quality.

Key facts. Cited by 1,607 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2021.

Builds on

34 of 63 references.

References · 34

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,682
  3. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,037
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  5. 2018Learning Implicit Fields for Generative Shape Modelingcited by 1,060
  6. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  7. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  8. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
  9. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  10. 20163D-R2N2: A Unified Approach for Single and Multi-view 3D Object Reconstructioncited by 587
  11. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  12. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
22 more
  1. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
  2. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 401
  3. 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
  4. 2016OctNet: Learning Deep 3D Representations at High Resolutionscited by 340
  5. 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 326
  6. 2020Learned Initializations for Optimizing Coordinate-Based Neural Representationscited by 240
  7. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  8. 2020Free View Synthesiscited by 231
  9. 2021NeX: Real-time View Synthesis with Neural Basis Expansioncited by 215
  10. 2018Stereo Magnification: Learning View Synthesis using Multiplane Imagescited by 206
  11. 2020AutoInt: Automatic Integration for Fast Neural Volume Renderingcited by 204
  12. 2017Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machinecited by 194
  13. 2019Pushing the Boundaries of View Extrapolation with Multiplane Imagescited by 191
  14. 2017Octree Generating Networks: Efficient Convolutional Architectures for High-resolution 3D Outputscited by 189
  15. 2017Multi-view Supervision for Single-view Reconstruction via Differentiable Ray Consistencycited by 177
  16. 2019Neural Volumes: Learning Dynamic Renderable Volumes from Imagescited by 173
  17. 2020DeRF: Decomposed Radiance Fieldscited by 163
  18. 2021Neural Lumigraph Renderingcited by 105
  19. 2017Hierarchical Surface Prediction for 3D Object Reconstructioncited by 89
  20. 2021TermiNeRF: Ray Termination Prediction for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 70
  21. 2021ACORN: Adaptive Coordinate Networks for Neural Scene Representationcited by 64
  22. 2021ADOP: Approximate Differentiable One-Pixel Point Renderingcited by 9

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 185; 2023: 415; 2024: 531; 2025: 306; 2026: 169.

1,607 papers.

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  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  3. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  4. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  5. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  6. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  7. 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 747
  8. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
  9. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  10. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  11. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  12. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
38 more
  1. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  2. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  3. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generationcited by 597
  4. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 596
  5. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
  6. 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 545
  7. 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 527
  8. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  9. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  10. 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
  11. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  12. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 410
  13. 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
  14. 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 370
  15. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  16. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  17. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  18. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  19. 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 344
  20. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
  21. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  22. 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
  23. 2023OmniObject3D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Realistic Perception, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 324
  24. 2022NeuS2: Fast Learning of Neural Implicit Surfaces for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 311
  25. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
  26. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  27. 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  28. 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
  29. 2023SparseNeRF: Distilling Depth Ranking for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 247
  30. 2022NoPe-NeRF: Optimising Neural Radiance Field with No Pose Priorcited by 235
  31. 2023Compressed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accelerated Novel View Synthesiscited by 232
  32. 2023LucidDreamer: Domain-free Generation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 228
  33. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
  34. 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
  35. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  36. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
  37. 2023GS-IR: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 220
  38. 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217

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