mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

3D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities

arXiv 2407.17418 ↗First posted 24 Jul 2024cs.CVcited by 77

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as a prominent technique with the potential to become a mainstream method for 3D representations. It can effectively transform multi-view images into explicit 3D Gaussian through efficient training, and achieve real-time rendering of novel views. This survey aims to analyze existing 3DGS-related works from multiple intersecting perspectives, including related tasks, technologies, challenges, and opportunities. The primary objective is to provide newcomers with a rapid understanding of the field and to assist researchers in methodically organizing existing technologies and challenges. Specifically, we delve into the optimization, application, and extension of 3DGS, categorizing them based on their focuses or motivations. Additionally, we summarize and classify nine types of technical modules and corresponding improvements identified in existing works. Based on these analyses, we further examine the common challenges and technologies across various tasks, proposing potential research opportunities.

Key facts. Cited by 77 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 252 of its 321 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jul 2024.

Builds on

252 of 321 references.

References · 252

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  2. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  3. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  4. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  5. 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
  6. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  7. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
  8. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,466
  9. 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
  10. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  11. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  12. 2022InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructionscited by 2,591
38 more
  1. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  2. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
  3. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
  4. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
  5. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
  6. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 1,419
  7. 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,346
  8. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  9. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillationcited by 1,207
  10. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  11. 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
  12. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  13. 2023MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generationcited by 928
  14. 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
  15. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  16. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  17. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
  18. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  19. 2024LGM: Large Multi-View Gaussian Model for High-Resolution 3D Content Creationcited by 730
  20. 2020Implicit Geometric Regularization for Learning Shapescited by 707
  21. 2022Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Promptscited by 694
  22. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  23. 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 673
  24. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  25. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  26. 2023SyncDreamer: Generating Multiview-consistent Images from a Single-view Imagecited by 638
  27. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  28. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
  29. 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
  30. 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
  31. 2018Hypergraph Neural Networkscited by 482
  32. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  33. 2024CAT3D: Create Anything in 3D with Multi-View Diffusion Modelscited by 425
  34. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  35. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 410
  36. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  37. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  38. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386

50 most cited of 252 All 252 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 29; 2026: 40.

77 papers.

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  1. 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  2. 2024GaussianOcc: Fully Self-supervised and Efficient 3D Occupancy Estimation with Gaussian Splattingcited by 50
  3. 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
  4. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  5. 2024Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Satellite Image Photogrammetrycited by 15
  6. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  7. 2024Balanced 3DGS: Gaussian-wise Parallelism Rendering with Fine-Grained Tilingcited by 12
  8. 2024SweepEvGS: Event-Based 3D Gaussian Splatting for Macro and Micro Radiance Field Rendering from a Single Sweepcited by 10
  9. 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  10. 2025GSCodec Studio: A Modular Framework for Gaussian Splat Compressioncited by 9
  11. 2024Distractor-free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
  12. 2025Light4GS: Lightweight Compact 4D Gaussian Splatting Generation via Context Modelcited by 8
38 more
  1. 2025Orientation-anchored Hyper-Gaussian for 4D Reconstruction from Casual Videoscited by 8
  2. 2025Gaussian Herding across Pens: An Optimal Transport Perspective on Global Gaussian Reduction for 3DGScited by 7
  3. 2025GaussTrap: Stealthy Poisoning Attacks on 3D Gaussian Splatting for Targeted Scene Confusioncited by 6
  4. 2025A Survey on 3D Reconstruction Techniques in Plant Phenotyping: From Classical Methods to Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), and Beyondcited by 6
  5. 2024GaRField++: Reinforced Gaussian Radiance Fields for Large-Scale 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
  6. 2025Understanding while Exploring: Semantics-driven Active Mappingcited by 5
  7. 2025Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression with Long-Context Modelingcited by 5
  8. 2025Residual Primitive Fitting of 3D Shapes with SuperFrustacited by 5
  9. 2026Tri-Efficient Transfer Learning for Point Cloud Videoscited by 5
  10. 2025Gaussian On-the-Fly Splatting: A Progressive Framework for Robust Near Real-Time 3DGS Optimizationcited by 4
  11. 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 4
  12. 2025Duplex-GS: Proxy-Guided Weighted Blending for Real-Time Order-Independent Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
  13. 2025SparseGS-W: Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild with Generative Priorscited by 3
  14. 2025RaindropGS: A Benchmark for 3D Gaussian Splatting under Raindrop Conditionscited by 3
  15. 2025CLM: Removing the GPU Memory Barrier for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
  16. 2025Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Coherent 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse and Motion-Blurred Viewscited by 3
  17. 2025Radiant Triangle Soup with Soft Connectivity Forces for 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesiscited by 2
  18. 2025SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Onlinecited by 2
  19. 2025Learning Unified Representation of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  20. 2026The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Modelscited by 2
  21. 2026Intellectual Property Protection for 3D Gaussian Splatting Assets: A Surveycited by 2
  22. 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directionscited by 2
  23. 2024Editing Implicit and Explicit Representations of Radiance Fields: A Surveycited by 1
  24. 2025A-TDOM: Active TDOM via On-the-Fly 3DGScited by 1
  25. 2025From Fields to Splats: A Cross-Domain Survey of Real-Time Neural Scene Representationscited by 1
  26. 2025VAD-GS: Visibility-Aware Densification for 3D Gaussian Splatting in Dynamic Urban Scenescited by 1
  27. 2025Object-Centric 3D Gaussian Splatting for Strawberry Plant Reconstruction and Phenotypingcited by 1
  28. 2026GAT-NeRF: Geometry-Aware-Transformer Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields for High-Fidelity 4D Facial Avatarscited by 1
  29. 2026Toward Fine-Grained Facial Control in 3D Talking Head Generationcited by 1
  30. 2026Spectral Defense Against Resource-Targeting Attack in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  31. 2026GaussTrace: Provenance Analysis of 3D Gaussian Splatting Models with Evidence-based LLM Reasoningcited by 1
  32. 2026Local-GS: Accelerating 3D Gaussian Splatting via Tile-Local Warp Coherencecited by 1
  33. 2026Provable Pruning for Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting via Coresetscited by 1
  34. 2026Compression of 3D Gaussian Splatting Data Using GPU-friendly Graphics Texture Codingcited by 1
  35. 2026DeGS: A Scalable 3DGS Architecture via Decoupled Workload Parsing and Reorganizationcited by 1
  36. 2026GaussVid: Sparse-View Gaussian Splatting with 3D-Aware Video Diffusion Priorscited by 1
  37. 2026When 3D Gaussian Splatting Recovers Real Surfacescited by 1
  38. 2025RadGS-Reg: Registering Spine CT with Biplanar X-rays via Joint 3D Radiative Gaussians Reconstruction and 3D/3D Registrationcited by 0

50 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)