mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fields

arXiv 2203.09517 ↗First posted 17 Mar 2022cs.CVcited by 1,280

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Cited by 68 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We present TensoRF, a novel approach to model and reconstruct radiance fields. Unlike NeRF that purely uses MLPs, we model the radiance field of a scene as a 4D tensor, which represents a 3D voxel grid with per-voxel multi-channel features. Our central idea is to factorize the 4D scene tensor into multiple compact low-rank tensor components. We demonstrate that applying traditional CP decomposition -- that factorizes tensors into rank-one components with compact vectors -- in our framework leads to improvements over vanilla NeRF. To further boost performance, we introduce a novel vector-matrix (VM) decomposition that relaxes the low-rank constraints for two modes of a tensor and factorizes tensors into compact vector and matrix factors. Beyond superior rendering quality, our models with CP and VM decompositions lead to a significantly lower memory footprint in comparison to previous and concurrent works that directly optimize per-voxel features. Experimentally, we demonstrate that TensoRF with CP decomposition achieves fast reconstruction (<30 min) with better rendering quality and even a smaller model size (<4 MB) compared to NeRF. Moreover, TensoRF with VM decomposition further boosts rendering quality and outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods, while reducing the reconstruction time (<10 min) and retaining a compact model size (<75 MB).

Key facts. Cited by 1,280 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2022.

Builds on

49 of 71 references.

References · 49

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,248
  4. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  5. 2020Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functionscited by 2,238
  6. 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,200
  7. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
  8. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  9. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  10. 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,584
  11. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,232
  12. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
37 more
  1. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  2. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  3. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
  4. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  5. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 861
  6. 2020GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fieldscited by 785
  7. 2020Convolutional Occupancy Networkscited by 761
  8. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
  9. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 740
  10. 2020pi-GAN: Periodic Implicit Generative Adversarial Networks for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 708
  11. 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 703
  12. 2020GRAF: Generative Radiance Fields for 3D-Aware Image Synthesiscited by 689
  13. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
  14. 2018Pixel2Mesh: Generating 3D Mesh Models from Single RGB Imagescited by 651
  15. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 646
  16. 2018AtlasNet: A Papier-Mach'e Approach to Learning 3D Surface Generationcited by 539
  17. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 511
  18. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  19. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 468
  20. 2020NeRD: Neural Reflectance Decomposition from Image Collectionscited by 449
  21. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 405
  22. 2016Volumetric and Multi-View CNNs for Object Classification on 3D Datacited by 240
  23. 2021Editing Conditional Radiance Fieldscited by 222
  24. 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 214
  25. 2018Stereo Magnification: Learning View Synthesis using Multiplane Imagescited by 211
  26. 2020Neural Reflectance Fields for Appearance Acquisitioncited by 196
  27. 2021Stereo Radiance Fields (SRF): Learning View Synthesis for Sparse Views of Novel Scenescited by 190
  28. 2017SurfaceNet: An End-to-end 3D Neural Network for Multiview Stereopsiscited by 128
  29. 2020Deep Reflectance Volumes: Relightable Reconstructions from Multi-View Photometric Imagescited by 98
  30. 2021NeuTex: Neural Texture Mapping for Volumetric Neural Renderingcited by 98
  31. 2019BLOCK: Bilinear Superdiagonal Fusion for Visual Question Answering and Visual Relationship Detectioncited by 62
  32. 2021Tensor Methods in Computer Vision and Deep Learningcited by 52
  33. 2017Learning Compact Recurrent Neural Networks with Block-Term Tensor Decompositioncited by 33
  34. 2018Deep Surface Light Fieldscited by 23
  35. 2020Block-term Tensor Neural Networkscited by 13
  36. 2022CoordX: Accelerating Implicit Neural Representation with a Split MLP Architecturecited by 13
  37. 2021Constant-Cost Spatio-Angular Prefiltering of Glinty Appearance Using Tensor Decompositioncited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 90; 2023: 368; 2024: 442; 2025: 238; 2026: 142.

1,280 papers.

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  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  2. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,489
  3. 2023LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for Single Image to 3Dcited by 849
  4. 2024Structured 3D Latents for Scalable and Versatile 3D Generationcited by 770
  5. 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 764
  6. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
  7. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 746
  8. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 695
  9. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 684
  10. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 671
  11. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 616
  12. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 600
38 more
  1. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generationcited by 597
  2. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 587
  3. 2023One-2-3-45: Any Single Image to 3D Mesh in 45 Seconds without Per-Shape Optimizationcited by 560
  4. 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
  5. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 476
  6. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 436
  7. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 415
  8. 2023Tri-Perspective View for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 409
  9. 2023Instant3D: Fast Text-to-3D with Sparse-View Generation and Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 378
  10. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 372
  11. 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 371
  12. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 364
  13. 2023Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 364
  14. 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 349
  15. 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 346
  16. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 344
  17. 2023OmniObject3D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Realistic Perception, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 326
  18. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 311
  19. 2024GRM: Large Gaussian Reconstruction Model for Efficient 3D Reconstruction and Generationcited by 301
  20. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  21. 2023One-2-3-45++: Fast Single Image to 3D Objects with Consistent Multi-View Generation and 3D Diffusioncited by 283
  22. 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  23. 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 260
  24. 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
  25. 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 248
  26. 2023Compressed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accelerated Novel View Synthesiscited by 239
  27. 2022NoPe-NeRF: Optimising Neural Radiance Field with No Pose Priorcited by 235
  28. 2023LucidDreamer: Domain-free Generation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 231
  29. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 230
  30. 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 227
  31. 2023GS-IR: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 224
  32. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
  33. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 221
  34. 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 218
  35. 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
  36. 2022SparseFusion: Distilling View-conditioned Diffusion for 3D Reconstructioncited by 216
  37. 2024CRM: Single Image to 3D Textured Mesh with Convolutional Reconstruction Modelcited by 215
  38. 2023DMV3D: Denoising Multi-View Diffusion using 3D Large Reconstruction Modelcited by 214

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