mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering

arXiv 2308.04079 ↗First posted 8 Aug 2023cs.GR cs.CVcited by 6,141

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Cited by 570 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Radiance Field methods have recently revolutionized novel-view synthesis of scenes captured with multiple photos or videos. However, achieving high visual quality still requires neural networks that are costly to train and render, while recent faster methods inevitably trade off speed for quality. For unbounded and complete scenes (rather than isolated objects) and 1080p resolution rendering, no current method can achieve real-time display rates. We introduce three key elements that allow us to achieve state-of-the-art visual quality while maintaining competitive training times and importantly allow high-quality real-time (>= 30 fps) novel-view synthesis at 1080p resolution. First, starting from sparse points produced during camera calibration, we represent the scene with 3D Gaussians that preserve desirable properties of continuous volumetric radiance fields for scene optimization while avoiding unnecessary computation in empty space; Second, we perform interleaved optimization/density control of the 3D Gaussians, notably optimizing anisotropic covariance to achieve an accurate representation of the scene; Third, we develop a fast visibility-aware rendering algorithm that supports anisotropic splatting and both accelerates training and allows realtime rendering. We demonstrate state-of-the-art visual quality and real-time rendering on several established datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 6,141 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Aug 2023.

Builds on

31 of 60 references.

References · 31

  1. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  2. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  3. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  4. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  5. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  6. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  7. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  8. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
  9. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  10. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  11. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
  12. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
19 more
  1. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 401
  2. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  3. 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
  4. 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 326
  5. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  6. 2019Deferred Neural Rendering: Image Synthesis using Neural Texturescited by 253
  7. 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 238
  8. 2020Free View Synthesiscited by 231
  9. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
  10. 2015DeepStereo: Learning to Predict New Views from the World's Imagerycited by 185
  11. 2016View Synthesis by Appearance Flowcited by 172
  12. 2018Escaping Plato's Cave: 3D Shape From Adversarial Renderingcited by 170
  13. 2022Variable Bitrate Neural Fieldscited by 116
  14. 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
  15. 2023Neural Point Catacaustics for Novel-View Synthesis of Reflectionscited by 81
  16. 2016A Versatile Scene Model with Differentiable Visibility Applied to Generative Pose Estimationcited by 42
  17. 2022VoGE: A Differentiable Volume Renderer using Gaussian Ellipsoids for Analysis-by-Synthesiscited by 22
  18. 2022Software Rasterization of 2 Billion Points in Real Timecited by 13
  19. 2018Comments on "Compression of 3D Point Clouds Using a Region-Adaptive Hierarchical Transform"cited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 231; 2024: 1605; 2025: 2315; 2026: 1990.

6,141 papers.

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  1. 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,385
  2. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  3. 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
  4. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  5. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  6. 2024Structured 3D Latents for Scalable and Versatile 3D Generationcited by 742
  7. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  8. 2024LGM: Large Multi-View Gaussian Model for High-Resolution 3D Content Creationcited by 730
  9. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  10. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  11. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  12. 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 626
38 more
  1. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  2. 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
  3. 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 527
  4. 2023DL3DV-10K: A Large-Scale Scene Dataset for Deep Learning-based 3D Visioncited by 514
  5. 2024Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulationcited by 484
  6. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  7. 2024CLAY: A Controllable Large-scale Generative Model for Creating High-quality 3D Assetscited by 444
  8. 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motioncited by 431
  9. 2024CAT3D: Create Anything in 3D with Multi-View Diffusion Modelscited by 425
  10. 2024InstantMesh: Efficient 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image with Sparse-view Large Reconstruction Modelscited by 421
  11. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  12. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 410
  13. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  14. 2024ViewCrafter: Taming Video Diffusion Models for High-fidelity Novel View Synthesiscited by 392
  15. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  16. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
  17. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  18. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  19. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  20. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  21. 2023Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 359
  22. 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
  23. 2025Hunyuan3D 2.0: Scaling Diffusion Models for High Resolution Textured 3D Assets Generationcited by 342
  24. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
  25. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  26. 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
  27. 2025GEN3C: 3D-Informed World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Camera Controlcited by 325
  28. 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priorscited by 317
  29. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  30. 2024GRM: Large Gaussian Reconstruction Model for Efficient 3D Reconstruction and Generationcited by 298
  31. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  32. 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planningcited by 287
  33. 2024Diffusion Models Are Real-Time Game Enginescited by 282
  34. 2024PGSR: Planar-based Gaussian Splatting for Efficient and High-Fidelity Surface Reconstructioncited by 280
  35. 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  36. 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  37. 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  38. 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 275

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