mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

3D Gaussian as a New Era: A Survey

arXiv 2402.07181 ↗First posted 11 Feb 2024cs.CV cs.GRcited by 102

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D-GS) has emerged as a significant advancement in the field of Computer Graphics, offering explicit scene representation and novel view synthesis without the reliance on neural networks, such as Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF). This technique has found diverse applications in areas such as robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, and virtual reality/augmented reality, just name a few. Given the growing popularity and expanding research in 3D Gaussian Splatting, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of relevant papers from the past year. We organize the survey into taxonomies based on characteristics and applications, providing an introduction to the theoretical underpinnings of 3D Gaussian Splatting. Our goal through this survey is to acquaint new researchers with 3D Gaussian Splatting, serve as a valuable reference for seminal works in the field, and inspire future research directions, as discussed in our concluding section.

Key facts. Cited by 102 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 131 of its 178 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Feb 2024.

Builds on

131 of 178 references.

References · 131

  1. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  2. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  3. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  4. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  5. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  6. 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,880
  7. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  8. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
  9. 2022Objaverse: A Universe of Annotated 3D Objectscited by 1,522
  10. 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
  11. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
  12. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
38 more
  1. 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
  2. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  3. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 819
  4. 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codeccited by 756
  5. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  6. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
  7. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  8. 2022Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Promptscited by 694
  9. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  10. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  11. 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
  12. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  13. 2023SyncDreamer: Generating Multiview-consistent Images from a Single-view Imagecited by 638
  14. 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
  15. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  16. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
  17. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
  18. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  19. 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 470
  20. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  21. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  22. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 410
  23. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  24. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
  25. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  26. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  27. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  28. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  29. 2023Splatter Image: Ultra-Fast Single-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 359
  30. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  31. 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
  32. 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
  33. 2023OmniObject3D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Realistic Perception, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 324
  34. 2022NeuS2: Fast Learning of Neural Implicit Surfaces for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 311
  35. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  36. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  37. 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  38. 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 278

50 most cited of 131 All 131 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 23; 2025: 42; 2026: 37.

102 papers.

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  1. 2024GRM: Large Gaussian Reconstruction Model for Efficient 3D Reconstruction and Generationcited by 298
  2. 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  3. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  4. 20243DGS.zip: A survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression Methodscited by 66
  5. 2025Pixel to Gaussian: Ultra-Fast Continuous Super-Resolution with 2D Gaussian Modelingcited by 47
  6. 2024GS^3: Efficient Relighting with Triple Gaussian Splattingcited by 42
  7. 2025Matrix-3D: Omnidirectional Explorable 3D World Generationcited by 33
  8. 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
  9. 2025Generative Physical AI in Vision: A Surveycited by 24
  10. 2024Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting for Static and Dynamic Radiance Fieldscited by 22
  11. 2025NLI4VolVis: Natural Language Interaction for Volume Visualization via LLM Multi-Agents and Editable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
  12. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
38 more
  1. 2025POp-GS: Next Best View in 3D-Gaussian Splatting with P-Optimalitycited by 18
  2. 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
  3. 2024Z-Splat: Z-Axis Gaussian Splatting for Camera-Sonar Fusioncited by 16
  4. 2024CLIP-GS: CLIP-Informed Gaussian Splatting for View-Consistent 3D Indoor Semantic Understandingcited by 16
  5. 2025All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Key-Secured 3D Secrets within 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  6. 2024A Survey on 3D Human Avatar Modeling -- From Reconstruction to Generationcited by 13
  7. 2025FreeGave: 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videos by Gaussian Velocitycited by 13
  8. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  9. 2024Modeling Uncertainty in 3D Gaussian Splatting through Continuous Semantic Splattingcited by 12
  10. 2024Balanced 3DGS: Gaussian-wise Parallelism Rendering with Fine-Grained Tilingcited by 12
  11. 2025RegGS: Unposed Sparse Views Gaussian Splatting with 3DGS Registrationcited by 12
  12. 2026NTIRE 2026 3D Restoration and Reconstruction in Real-world Adverse Conditions: RealX3D Challenge Resultscited by 11
  13. 2025OccluGaussian: Occlusion-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Large Scene Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 10
  14. 2024Aquatic-GS: A Hybrid 3D Representation for Underwater Scenescited by 8
  15. 2025GS-QA: Comprehensive Quality Assessment Benchmark for Gaussian Splatting View Synthesiscited by 8
  16. 2025Gaussian Herding across Pens: An Optimal Transport Perspective on Global Gaussian Reduction for 3DGScited by 7
  17. 2025RemedyGS: Defend 3D Gaussian Splatting against Computation Cost Attackscited by 7
  18. 2024GS-Octree: Octree-based 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Object-level 3D Reconstruction Under Strong Lightingcited by 6
  19. 2024Variational Bayes Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  20. 2024G-Style: Stylized Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  21. 2025CrossView-GS: Cross-view Gaussian Splatting For Large-scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
  22. 2025StructGS: Adaptive Spherical Harmonics and Rendering Enhancements for Superior 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  23. 2025Understanding while Exploring: Semantics-driven Active Mappingcited by 5
  24. 2025SplatPainter: Interactive Authoring of 3D Gaussians from 2D Edits via Test-Time Trainingcited by 5
  25. 2026Predictive Photometric Uncertainty in Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesiscited by 5
  26. 2025DARB-Splatting: Generalizing Splatting with Decaying Anisotropic Radial Basis Functionscited by 4
  27. 2025MGSR: 2D/3D Mutual-boosted Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Surface Reconstruction under Various Light Conditionscited by 4
  28. 2025Exploiting Multiple Representations: 3D Face Biometrics Fusion with Application to Surveillancecited by 4
  29. 2024RefGaussian: Disentangling Reflections from 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Renderingcited by 3
  30. 2025GEM: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient and Accurate Cryo-EM Reconstructioncited by 3
  31. 2025D2GS: Dense Depth Regularization for LiDAR-free Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
  32. 2024TREND: Unsupervised 3D Representation Learning via Temporal Forecasting for LiDAR Perceptioncited by 2
  33. 2024AI-Driven Innovations in Volumetric Video Streaming: A Reviewcited by 2
  34. 2025ENTIRE: Learning-based Volume Rendering Time Predictioncited by 2
  35. 2025SPC-GS: Gaussian Splatting with Semantic-Prompt Consistency for Indoor Open-World Free-view Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 2
  36. 2025Gaussian2Scene: 3D Scene Representation Learning via Self-supervised Learning with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  37. 20253DGAA: Realistic and Robust 3D Gaussian-based Adversarial Attack for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  38. 2025DC4GS: Directional Consistency-Driven Adaptive Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2

50 most cited of 102 All 102 (JSON)