mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussians

arXiv 2403.17898 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2024cs.CVcited by 228

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Abstract (arXiv)

The recent 3D Gaussian splatting (3D-GS) has shown remarkable rendering fidelity and efficiency compared to NeRF-based neural scene representations. While demonstrating the potential for real-time rendering, 3D-GS encounters rendering bottlenecks in large scenes with complex details due to an excessive number of Gaussian primitives located within the viewing frustum. This limitation is particularly noticeable in zoom-out views and can lead to inconsistent rendering speeds in scenes with varying details. Moreover, it often struggles to capture the corresponding level of details at different scales with its heuristic density control operation. Inspired by the Level-of-Detail (LOD) techniques, we introduce Octree-GS, featuring an LOD-structured 3D Gaussian approach supporting level-of-detail decomposition for scene representation that contributes to the final rendering results. Our model dynamically selects the appropriate level from the set of multi-resolution anchor points, ensuring consistent rendering performance with adaptive LOD adjustments while maintaining high-fidelity rendering results.

Key facts. Cited by 228 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2024.

Builds on

47 of 69 references.

References · 47

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,082
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,170
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,712
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,021
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,958
  6. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,610
  7. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,277
  8. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,231
  9. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,195
  10. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 962
  11. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  12. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
35 more
  1. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 839
  2. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 756
  3. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 744
  4. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 735
  5. 2024LGM: Large Multi-View Gaussian Model for High-Resolution 3D Content Creationcited by 732
  6. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 721
  7. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 690
  8. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 669
  9. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 663
  10. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 584
  11. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  12. 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 465
  13. 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
  14. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
  15. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 370
  16. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  17. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 343
  18. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  19. 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 259
  20. 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 228
  21. 2020Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practicecited by 225
  22. 2023MatrixCity: A Large-scale City Dataset for City-scale Neural Rendering and Beyondcited by 185
  23. 2024VR-GS: A Physical Dynamics-Aware Interactive Gaussian Splatting System in Virtual Realitycited by 177
  24. 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
  25. 2017Optimizing the Latent Space of Generative Networkscited by 157
  26. 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 152
  27. 2023Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 126
  28. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  29. 2021Capturing, Reconstructing, and Simulating: the UrbanScene3D Datasetcited by 117
  30. 2023Grid-guided Neural Radiance Fields for Large Urban Scenescited by 99
  31. 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
  32. 2024Binary Opacity Grids: Capturing Fine Geometric Detail for Mesh-Based View Synthesiscited by 41
  33. 2023PyNeRF: Pyramidal Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 16
  34. 2023Dynamic PlenOctree for Adaptive Sampling Refinement in Explicit NeRFcited by 11
  35. 2023AssetField: Assets Mining and Reconfiguration in Ground Feature Plane Representationcited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 40; 2025: 110; 2026: 78.

228 papers.

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  1. 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 238
  2. 20243D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenescited by 138
  3. 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 111
  4. 2024ContextGS: Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting with Anchor Level Context Modelcited by 100
  5. 2024Speedy-Splat: Fast 3D Gaussian Splatting with Sparse Pixels and Sparse Primitivescited by 93
  6. 2024PUP 3D-GS: Principled Uncertainty Pruning for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 89
  7. 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 87
  8. 2024FlashGS: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-scale and High-resolution Renderingcited by 87
  9. 20243DGS.zip: A survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression Methodscited by 67
  10. 2024SCube: Instant Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction using VoxSplatscited by 57
  11. 2024DOGS: Distributed-Oriented Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale 3D Reconstruction Via Gaussian Consensuscited by 51
  12. 2024CityGaussianV2: Efficient and Geometrically Accurate Reconstruction for Large-Scale Scenescited by 50
38 more
  1. 2024On Scaling Up 3D Gaussian Splatting Trainingcited by 49
  2. 20243DGS-LM: Faster Gaussian-Splatting Optimization with Levenberg-Marquardtcited by 43
  3. 2025VolSplat: Rethinking Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Voxel-Aligned Predictioncited by 43
  4. 2025FastGS: Training 3D Gaussian Splatting in 100 Secondscited by 41
  5. 2025CAT-3DGS: A Context-Adaptive Triplane Approach to Rate-Distortion-Optimized 3DGS Compressioncited by 40
  6. 2025Instant Gaussian Stream: Fast and Generalizable Streaming of Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 35
  7. 2025On-the-fly Reconstruction for Large-Scale Novel View Synthesis from Unposed Imagescited by 35
  8. 2025Radiant Foam: Real-Time Differentiable Ray Tracingcited by 33
  9. 2024Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenescited by 30
  10. 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Pointscited by 29
  11. 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
  12. 2024GaussianSpa: An "Optimizing-Sparsifying" Simplification Framework for Compact and High-Quality 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 27
  13. 2024Momentum-GS: Momentum Gaussian Self-Distillation for High-Quality Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 27
  14. 2024FLoD: Integrating Flexible Level of Detail into 3D Gaussian Splatting for Customizable Renderingcited by 26
  15. 2025CityGS-X: A Scalable Architecture for Efficient and Geometrically Accurate Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 26
  16. 2024LetsGo: Large-Scale Garage Modeling and Rendering via LiDAR-Assisted Gaussian Primitivescited by 25
  17. 2025LODGE: Level-of-Detail Large-Scale Gaussian Splatting with Efficient Renderingcited by 25
  18. 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
  19. 2024Fisheye-GS: Lightweight and Extensible Gaussian Splatting Module for Fisheye Camerascited by 23
  20. 2025LongSplat: Robust Unposed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Casual Long Videoscited by 23
  21. 2025MaterialRefGS: Reflective Gaussian Splatting with Multi-view Consistent Material Inferencecited by 23
  22. 2024Implicit Gaussian Splatting with Efficient Multi-Level Tri-Plane Representationcited by 21
  23. 2024GigaGS: Scaling up Planar-Based 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Surface Reconstructioncited by 20
  24. 2024MVGS: Multi-view Regulated Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesiscited by 20
  25. 2025Sketch and Patch: Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Man-Made Scenescited by 20
  26. 2024F-3DGS: Factorized Coordinates and Representations for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
  27. 2024StreetSurfGS: Scalable Urban Street Surface Reconstruction with Planar-based Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
  28. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  29. 2024Structure Consistent Gaussian Splatting with Matching Prior for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 18
  30. 2025Optimized Minimal 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 18
  31. 2024LiDAR-GS:Real-time LiDAR Re-Simulation using Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  32. 2025GeoSVR: Taming Sparse Voxels for Geometrically Accurate Surface Reconstructioncited by 15
  33. 2024Efficient Scene Modeling via Structure-Aware and Region-Prioritized 3D Gaussianscited by 14
  34. 2025GigaSLAM: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM with Hierarchical Gaussian Splatscited by 14
  35. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  36. 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimizationcited by 13
  37. 2025TC-GS: A Faster Gaussian Splatting Module Utilizing Tensor Corescited by 12
  38. 2025Perceptual-GS: Scene-adaptive Perceptual Densification for Gaussian Splattingcited by 12

50 most cited of 228 All 228 (JSON)