mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearance

arXiv 2301.10241 ↗First posted 24 Jan 2023cs.CVcited by 742

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Cited by 38 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce k-planes, a white-box model for radiance fields in arbitrary dimensions. Our model uses d choose 2 planes to represent a d-dimensional scene, providing a seamless way to go from static (d=3) to dynamic (d=4) scenes. This planar factorization makes adding dimension-specific priors easy, e.g. temporal smoothness and multi-resolution spatial structure, and induces a natural decomposition of static and dynamic components of a scene. We use a linear feature decoder with a learned color basis that yields similar performance as a nonlinear black-box MLP decoder. Across a range of synthetic and real, static and dynamic, fixed and varying appearance scenes, k-planes yields competitive and often state-of-the-art reconstruction fidelity with low memory usage, achieving 1000x compression over a full 4D grid, and fast optimization with a pure PyTorch implementation. For video results and code, please see https://sarafridov.github.io/K-Planes.

Key facts. Cited by 742 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Jan 2023.

Builds on

38 of 50 references.

References · 38

  1. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  2. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  3. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  4. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  5. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
  6. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  7. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  8. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,204
  9. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,194
  10. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  11. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  12. 2020Convolutional Occupancy Networkscited by 760
26 more
  1. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 750
  2. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  3. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  4. 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 470
  5. 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
  6. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
  7. 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 344
  8. 2020Neural Radiance Flow for 4D View Synthesis and Video Processingcited by 270
  9. 2020Learned Initializations for Optimizing Coordinate-Based Neural Representationscited by 240
  10. 2020Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practicecited by 224
  11. 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
  12. 2021NeX: Real-time View Synthesis with Neural Basis Expansioncited by 215
  13. 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 210
  14. 2022Monocular Dynamic View Synthesis: A Reality Checkcited by 199
  15. 2019Neural Volumes: Learning Dynamic Renderable Volumes from Imagescited by 173
  16. 2017Optimizing the Latent Space of Generative Networkscited by 157
  17. 2022NeRFPlayer: A Streamable Dynamic Scene Representation with Decomposed Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 151
  18. 2022D2NeRF: Self-Supervised Decoupling of Dynamic and Static Objects from a Monocular Videocited by 136
  19. 2022Mixed Neural Voxels for Fast Multi-view Video Synthesiscited by 126
  20. 2019Neural Rerendering in the Wildcited by 121
  21. 2022DeVRF: Fast Deformable Voxel Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 103
  22. 2020STaR: Self-supervised Tracking and Reconstruction of Rigid Objects in Motion with Neural Renderingcited by 76
  23. 2022Neural Deformable Voxel Grid for Fast Optimization of Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 43
  24. 2022V4d: voxel for 4d novel view synthesiscited by 42
  25. 2022Volumetric Disentanglement for 3D Scene Manipulationcited by 13
  26. 2019Extreme MRI: Large-Scale Volumetric Dynamic Imaging from Continuous Non-Gated Acquisitionscited by 12

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 129; 2024: 243; 2025: 221; 2026: 149.

742 papers.

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By area:

  1. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  2. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  3. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  4. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  5. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  6. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  7. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  8. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
  9. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  10. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  11. 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 256
  12. 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
38 more
  1. 2024Shape of Motion: 4D Reconstruction from a Single Videocited by 247
  2. 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 241
  3. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
  4. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  5. 2023GS-IR: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 220
  6. 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 218
  7. 2023Gaussian-Flow: 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic 3D Gaussian Particlecited by 210
  8. 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
  9. 2023Text-To-4D Dynamic Scene Generationcited by 204
  10. 2024HAC: Hash-grid Assisted Context for 3D Gaussian Splatting Compressioncited by 202
  11. 2023DreamGaussian4D: Generative 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 191
  12. 2023NeRSemble: Multi-view Radiance Field Reconstruction of Human Headscited by 190
  13. 20244D-Rotor Gaussian Splatting: Towards Efficient Novel View Synthesis for Dynamic Scenescited by 185
  14. 2024PhysDreamer: Physics-Based Interaction with 3D Objects via Video Generationcited by 185
  15. 20234D-fy: Text-to-4D Generation Using Hybrid Score Distillation Samplingcited by 184
  16. 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 177
  17. 2023MARS: An Instance-aware, Modular and Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 170
  18. 2023HumanRF: High-Fidelity Neural Radiance Fields for Humans in Motioncited by 161
  19. 2024CAT4D: Create Anything in 4D with Multi-View Video Diffusion Modelscited by 160
  20. 20243DGStream: On-the-Fly Training of 3D Gaussians for Efficient Streaming of Photo-Realistic Free-Viewpoint Videoscited by 156
  21. 2024WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 150
  22. 2023Periodic Vibration Gaussian: Dynamic Urban Scene Reconstruction and Real-time Renderingcited by 143
  23. 2024L4GM: Large 4D Gaussian Reconstruction Modelcited by 143
  24. 2023Tri-MipRF: Tri-Mip Representation for Efficient Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 142
  25. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  26. 2023Consistent4D: Consistent 360deg Dynamic Object Generation from Monocular Videocited by 124
  27. 2023DynMF: Neural Motion Factorization for Real-time Dynamic View Synthesis with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 124
  28. 2024DriveDreamer4D: World Models Are Effective Data Machines for 4D Driving Scene Representationcited by 123
  29. 2025TrajectoryCrafter: Redirecting Camera Trajectory for Monocular Videos via Diffusion Modelscited by 120
  30. 20234DGen: Grounded 4D Content Generation with Spatial-temporal Consistencycited by 117
  31. 2024Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 117
  32. 2023Animate124: Animating One Image to 4D Dynamic Scenecited by 113
  33. 20243D Geometry-aware Deformable Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 109
  34. 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
  35. 2024Per-Gaussian Embedding-Based Deformation for Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 104
  36. 20244Diffusion: Multi-view Video Diffusion Model for 4D Generationcited by 104
  37. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
  38. 2024Motion-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 100

50 most cited of 742 All 742 (JSON)