mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

VR-GS: A Physical Dynamics-Aware Interactive Gaussian Splatting System in Virtual Reality

arXiv 2401.16663 ↗First posted 30 Jan 2024cs.HC cs.CVcited by 175

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Abstract (arXiv)

As consumer Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) technologies gain momentum, there's a growing focus on the development of engagements with 3D virtual content. Unfortunately, traditional techniques for content creation, editing, and interaction within these virtual spaces are fraught with difficulties. They tend to be not only engineering-intensive but also require extensive expertise, which adds to the frustration and inefficiency in virtual object manipulation. Our proposed VR-GS system represents a leap forward in human-centered 3D content interaction, offering a seamless and intuitive user experience. By developing a physical dynamics-aware interactive Gaussian Splatting in a Virtual Reality setting, and constructing a highly efficient two-level embedding strategy alongside deformable body simulations, VR-GS ensures real-time execution with highly realistic dynamic responses. The components of our Virtual Reality system are designed for high efficiency and effectiveness, starting from detailed scene reconstruction and object segmentation, advancing through multi-view image in-painting, and extending to interactive physics-based editing. The system also incorporates real-time deformation embedding and dynamic shadow casting, ensuring a comprehensive and engaging virtual experience.Our project page is available at: https://yingjiang96.github.io/VR-GS/.

Key facts. Cited by 175 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jan 2024.

Builds on

33 of 64 references.

References · 33

  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  2. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  4. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
  5. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,194
  6. 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 990
  7. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  8. 2021Resolution-robust Large Mask Inpainting with Fourier Convolutionscited by 730
  9. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
  10. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
  11. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  12. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
21 more
  1. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  2. 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
  3. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  4. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  5. 2020AutoInt: Automatic Integration for Fast Neural Volume Renderingcited by 204
  6. 2023GaussianEditor: Editing 3D Gaussians Delicately with Text Instructionscited by 166
  7. 2020DeRF: Decomposed Radiance Fieldscited by 163
  8. 2023PAC-NeRF: Physics Augmented Continuum Neural Radiance Fields for Geometry-Agnostic System Identificationcited by 145
  9. 2022NeRF-Art: Text-Driven Neural Radiance Fields Stylizationcited by 126
  10. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 109
  11. 2023SINE: Semantic-driven Image-based NeRF Editing with Prior-guided Editing Fieldcited by 93
  12. 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
  13. 2021FoV-NeRF: Foveated Neural Radiance Fields for Virtual Realitycited by 79
  14. 2021CAMPARI: Camera-Aware Decomposed Generative Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 55
  15. 2023PIE-NeRF: Physics-based Interactive Elastodynamics with NeRFcited by 51
  16. 2023DeformGS: Scene Flow in Highly Deformable Scenes for Deformable Object Manipulationcited by 42
  17. 2023SceneHGN: Hierarchical Graph Networks for 3D Indoor Scene Generation with Fine-Grained Geometrycited by 38
  18. 2022RT-NeRF: Real-Time On-Device Neural Radiance Fields Towards Immersive AR/VR Renderingcited by 35
  19. 2023HHAvatar: Gaussian Head Avatar with Dynamic Hairscited by 35
  20. 2023HybridNeRF: Efficient Neural Rendering via Adaptive Volumetric Surfacescited by 28
  21. 2023Magic NeRF Lens: Interactive Fusion of Neural Radiance Fields for Virtual Facility Inspectioncited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 48; 2025: 71; 2026: 56.

175 papers.

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  1. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
  2. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  3. 2024FlashGS: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-scale and High-resolution Renderingcited by 85
  4. 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
  5. 2024NVS-Solver: Video Diffusion Model as Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesizercited by 79
  6. 2025PhysTwin: Physics-Informed Reconstruction and Simulation of Deformable Objects from Videoscited by 78
  7. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  8. 2024GaMeS: Mesh-Based Adapting and Modification of Gaussian Splattingcited by 69
  9. 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
  10. 2024Click-Gaussian: Interactive Segmentation to Any 3D Gaussianscited by 58
  11. 2024InFusion: Inpainting 3D Gaussians via Learning Depth Completion from Diffusion Priorcited by 55
  12. 2024PhysMotion: Physics-Grounded Dynamics From a Single Imagecited by 45
38 more
  1. 2024Dream to Manipulate: Compositional World Models Empowering Robot Imitation Learning with Imaginationcited by 45
  2. 2024DreamPhysics: Learning Physics-Based 3D Dynamics with Video Diffusion Priorscited by 40
  3. 2024SelfSplat: Pose-Free and 3D Prior-Free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 40
  4. 2025PhysAnimator: Physics-Guided Generative Cartoon Animationcited by 40
  5. 2025PhysCtrl: Generative Physics for Controllable and Physics-Grounded Video Generationcited by 39
  6. 2025Deformable Beta Splattingcited by 38
  7. 2025Exploring the Evolution of Physics Cognition in Video Generation: A Surveycited by 31
  8. 2024Neural Material Adaptor for Visual Grounding of Intrinsic Dynamicscited by 30
  9. 2024Efficient Physics Simulation for 3D Scenes via MLLM-Guided Gaussian Splattingcited by 30
  10. 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Pointscited by 29
  11. 2024AutoVFX: Physically Realistic Video Editing from Natural Language Instructionscited by 27
  12. 2024Momentum-GS: Momentum Gaussian Self-Distillation for High-Quality Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 27
  13. 2025Real-to-Sim Robot Policy Evaluation with Gaussian Splatting Simulation of Soft-Body Interactionscited by 27
  14. 2024GASP: Gaussian Splatting for Physic-Based Simulationscited by 24
  15. 2025Generative Physical AI in Vision: A Surveycited by 24
  16. 2024Mani-GS: Gaussian Splatting Manipulation with Triangular Meshcited by 22
  17. 2024Gaussian Eigen Models for Human Headscited by 21
  18. 2025ReferSplat: Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
  19. 2024Atlas3D: Physically Constrained Self-Supporting Text-to-3D for Simulation and Fabricationcited by 19
  20. 2024MVGS: Multi-view Regulated Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesiscited by 19
  21. 2024GausSurf: Geometry-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting for Surface Reconstructioncited by 19
  22. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  23. 2024D-MiSo: Editing Dynamic 3D Scenes using Multi-Gaussians Soupcited by 18
  24. 2025Vid2Sim: Generalizable, Video-based Reconstruction of Appearance, Geometry and Physics for Mesh-free Simulationcited by 18
  25. 2024GaussianDreamerPro: Text to Manipulable 3D Gaussians with Highly Enhanced Qualitycited by 17
  26. 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
  27. 2024LangSurf: Language-Embedded Surface Gaussians for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 17
  28. 2025VRSplat: Fast and Robust Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Realitycited by 17
  29. 2025DecoupledGaussian: Object-Scene Decoupling for Physics-Based Interactioncited by 16
  30. 2024SurFhead: Affine Rig Blending for Geometrically Accurate 2D Gaussian Surfel Head Avatarscited by 15
  31. 2025VideoArtGS: Building Digital Twins of Articulated Objects from Monocular Videocited by 15
  32. 2025HoloScene: Simulation-Ready Interactive 3D Worlds from a Single Videocited by 13
  33. 2024MiraGe: Editable 2D Images using Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  34. 2025TC-GS: A Faster Gaussian Splatting Module Utilizing Tensor Corescited by 12
  35. 2024Dynamic 2D Gaussians: Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fields for Dynamic Objectscited by 11
  36. 2025HAIF-GS: Hierarchical and Induced Flow-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scenecited by 11
  37. 2024ElastoGen: 4D Generative Elastodynamicscited by 10
  38. 2024Semantics-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scene Reconstruction and Rendering in Virtual Realitycited by 10

50 most cited of 175 All 175 (JSON)