Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenes
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Abstract (arXiv)
Seamless integration of both aerial and street view images remains a significant challenge in neural scene reconstruction and rendering. Existing methods predominantly focus on single domain, limiting their applications in immersive environments, which demand extensive free view exploration with large view changes both horizontally and vertically. We introduce Horizon-GS, a novel approach built upon Gaussian Splatting techniques, tackles the unified reconstruction and rendering for aerial and street views. Our method addresses the key challenges of combining these perspectives with a new training strategy, overcoming viewpoint discrepancies to generate high-fidelity scenes. We also curate a high-quality aerial-to-ground views dataset encompassing both synthetic and real-world scene to advance further research. Experiments across diverse urban scene datasets confirm the effectiveness of our method.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 41 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Dec 2024.
Builds on
41 of 53 references.
References · 41
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- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,385
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2024Grounded SAM: Assembling Open-World Models for Diverse Visual Taskscited by 914
- 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
- 2024LGM: Large Multi-View Gaussian Model for High-Resolution 3D Content Creationcited by 730
29 more
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
- 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
- 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
- 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
- 2024GRM: Large Gaussian Reconstruction Model for Efficient 3D Reconstruction and Generationcited by 298
- 2021Urban Radiance Fieldscited by 263
- 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 228
- 2024Gaussian Opacity Fields: Efficient Adaptive Surface Reconstruction in Unbounded Scenescited by 226
- 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
- 2024A Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Representation for Real-Time Rendering of Very Large Datasetscited by 214
- 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
- 2024CityGaussian: Real-time High-quality Large-Scale Scene Rendering with Gaussianscited by 190
- 2023MatrixCity: A Large-scale City Dataset for City-scale Neural Rendering and Beyondcited by 185
- 2017Optimizing the Latent Space of Generative Networkscited by 157
- 2023Periodic Vibration Gaussian: Dynamic Urban Scene Reconstruction and Real-time Renderingcited by 143
- 2021Capturing, Reconstructing, and Simulating: the UrbanScene3D Datasetcited by 117
- 2023Grid-guided Neural Radiance Fields for Large Urban Scenescited by 99
- 2024Editable Scene Simulation for Autonomous Driving via Collaborative LLM-Agentscited by 91
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2024DOGS: Distributed-Oriented Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale 3D Reconstruction Via Gaussian Consensuscited by 51
- 2024On Scaling Up 3D Gaussian Splatting Trainingcited by 49
- 2023Real-Time Neural Rasterization for Large Scenescited by 37
- 2024Drone-assisted Road Gaussian Splatting with Cross-view Uncertaintycited by 20
- 2024RetinaGS: Scalable Training for Dense Scene Rendering with Billion-Scale 3D Gaussianscited by 16
- 2024NeRF Director: Revisiting View Selection in Neural Volume Renderingcited by 14
- 2023AssetField: Assets Mining and Reconfiguration in Ground Feature Plane Representationcited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 15; 2026: 15.
30 papers.
Sort:
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
- 2025GS-Occ3D: Scaling Vision-only Occupancy Reconstruction with Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenescited by 6
- 2025ARTDECO: Towards Efficient and High-Fidelity On-the-Fly 3D Reconstruction with Structured Scene Representationcited by 6
- 2025CrossView-GS: Cross-view Gaussian Splatting For Large-scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2025OracleGS: Grounding Generative Priors for Sparse-View Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025Proxy-GS: Unified Occlusion Priors for Training and Inference in Structured 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025SAT-SKYLINES: 3D Building Generation from Satellite Imagery and Coarse Geometric Priorscited by 2
- 2025LoBE-GS: Load-Balanced and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025EGGS: Exchangeable 2D/3D Gaussian Splatting for Geometry-Appearance Balanced Novel View Synthesiscited by 2
18 more
- 2026PLANING: A Loosely Coupled Triangle-Gaussian Framework for Streaming 3D Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2026Leveraging NeRF-Rendered Images for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2026M^3: Dense Matching Meets Multi-View Foundation Models for Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 1
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agentscited by 1
- 2026Splaxel: Efficient Distributed Training of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-scale Scene Reconstruction via Pixel-level Communicationcited by 1
- 2025TraGraph-GS: Trajectory Graph-based Gaussian Splatting for Arbitrary Large-Scale Scene Renderingcited by 0
- 2025A LoD of Gaussians: Unified Training and Rendering for Ultra-Large Scale Reconstruction with External Memorycited by 0
- 2025Beyond a Single Light: A Large-Scale Aerial Dataset for Urban Scene Reconstruction Under Varying Illuminationcited by 0
- 2026Sky2Ground: A Benchmark for Site Modeling under Varying Altitudecited by 0
- 2026A 3D Reconstruction Benchmark for Asset Inspectioncited by 0
- 2026ProDiG: Progressive Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Aerial to Ground Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Two-View Accumulation as the Primary Training Lever for Hybrid-Capture Gaussian Splatting: A Variance-Decomposition View of When Gradient Surgery Helpscited by 0
- 2026Cross-View Splatter: Feed-Forward View Synthesis with Georeferenced Imagescited by 0
- 2026City-Mesh3R: Simulation-Ready City-Scale 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Multi-View Imagescited by 0
- 2026Geometry and Gradient-based Partitioning for Panoramic Outdoor Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026GridFlow: Structured Latent Flow for Seamless City-Scale 3D Point Cloud Generationcited by 0
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussianscited by 0
- 2026SkyAnchor: Updating Metric-scale Aerial 3D Gaussian Scenes from Unposed Ground-View Sequencescited by 0
- 2026SkyAnchor: Updating Metric-scale Aerial 3D Gaussian Scenes from Unposed Ground-View Sequences12 Sep 2026
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussians10 Sep 2026
- 2026GridFlow: Structured Latent Flow for Seamless City-Scale 3D Point Cloud Generation30 Aug 2026
- 2026Geometry and Gradient-based Partitioning for Panoramic Outdoor Reconstruction9 Jul 2026
- 2026Splaxel: Efficient Distributed Training of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-scale Scene Reconstruction via Pixel-level Communication17 Jun 2026
- 2026Leveraging NeRF-Rendered Images for 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jun 2026
- 2026City-Mesh3R: Simulation-Ready City-Scale 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Multi-View Images28 May 2026
- 2026Cross-View Splatter: Feed-Forward View Synthesis with Georeferenced Images19 May 2026
- 2026Two-View Accumulation as the Primary Training Lever for Hybrid-Capture Gaussian Splatting: A Variance-Decomposition View of When Gradient Surgery Helps29 Apr 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026ProDiG: Progressive Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Aerial to Ground Reconstruction2 Apr 2026
- 2026A 3D Reconstruction Benchmark for Asset Inspection18 Mar 2026
18 more
- 2026M^3: Dense Matching Meets Multi-View Foundation Models for Monocular Gaussian Splatting SLAM17 Mar 2026
- 2026Sky2Ground: A Benchmark for Site Modeling under Varying Altitude14 Mar 2026
- 2026PLANING: A Loosely Coupled Triangle-Gaussian Framework for Streaming 3D Reconstruction29 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond a Single Light: A Large-Scale Aerial Dataset for Urban Scene Reconstruction Under Varying Illumination16 Dec 2025
- 2025EGGS: Exchangeable 2D/3D Gaussian Splatting for Geometry-Appearance Balanced Novel View Synthesis2 Dec 2025
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagery17 Oct 2025
- 2025ARTDECO: Towards Efficient and High-Fidelity On-the-Fly 3D Reconstruction with Structured Scene Representation9 Oct 2025
- 2025LoBE-GS: Load-Balanced and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction2 Oct 2025
- 2025Proxy-GS: Unified Occlusion Priors for Training and Inference in Structured 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Sep 2025
- 2025OracleGS: Grounding Generative Priors for Sparse-View Gaussian Splatting27 Sep 2025
- 2025SAT-SKYLINES: 3D Building Generation from Satellite Imagery and Coarse Geometric Priors25 Aug 2025
- 2025GS-Occ3D: Scaling Vision-only Occupancy Reconstruction with Gaussian Splatting25 Jul 2025
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splatting21 Jul 2025
- 2025A LoD of Gaussians: Unified Training and Rendering for Ultra-Large Scale Reconstruction with External Memory1 Jul 2025
- 2025TraGraph-GS: Trajectory Graph-based Gaussian Splatting for Arbitrary Large-Scale Scene Rendering10 Jun 2025
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Views29 May 2025
- 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenes26 May 2025
- 2025CrossView-GS: Cross-view Gaussian Splatting For Large-scale Scene Reconstruction3 Jan 2025
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
- 2025GS-Occ3D: Scaling Vision-only Occupancy Reconstruction with Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenescited by 6
- 2025ARTDECO: Towards Efficient and High-Fidelity On-the-Fly 3D Reconstruction with Structured Scene Representationcited by 6
- 2025CrossView-GS: Cross-view Gaussian Splatting For Large-scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2025OracleGS: Grounding Generative Priors for Sparse-View Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025Proxy-GS: Unified Occlusion Priors for Training and Inference in Structured 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2025SAT-SKYLINES: 3D Building Generation from Satellite Imagery and Coarse Geometric Priorscited by 2
- 2025LoBE-GS: Load-Balanced and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025EGGS: Exchangeable 2D/3D Gaussian Splatting for Geometry-Appearance Balanced Novel View Synthesiscited by 2
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026SkyAnchor: Updating Metric-scale Aerial 3D Gaussian Scenes from Unposed Ground-View Sequences12 Sep 2026
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussians10 Sep 2026
- 2026GridFlow: Structured Latent Flow for Seamless City-Scale 3D Point Cloud Generation30 Aug 2026
- 2026Geometry and Gradient-based Partitioning for Panoramic Outdoor Reconstruction9 Jul 2026
- 2026Splaxel: Efficient Distributed Training of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-scale Scene Reconstruction via Pixel-level Communication17 Jun 2026
- 2026Leveraging NeRF-Rendered Images for 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jun 2026
- 2026City-Mesh3R: Simulation-Ready City-Scale 3D Mesh Reconstruction from Multi-View Images28 May 2026
- 2026Cross-View Splatter: Feed-Forward View Synthesis with Georeferenced Images19 May 2026
- 2026Two-View Accumulation as the Primary Training Lever for Hybrid-Capture Gaussian Splatting: A Variance-Decomposition View of When Gradient Surgery Helps29 Apr 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026ProDiG: Progressive Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Aerial to Ground Reconstruction2 Apr 2026
- 2026A 3D Reconstruction Benchmark for Asset Inspection18 Mar 2026
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)