mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamics

arXiv 2311.12198 ↗First posted 20 Nov 2023cs.GR cs.AI cs.CVcited by 377

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Cited by 30 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce PhysGaussian, a new method that seamlessly integrates physically grounded Newtonian dynamics within 3D Gaussians to achieve high-quality novel motion synthesis. Employing a custom Material Point Method (MPM), our approach enriches 3D Gaussian kernels with physically meaningful kinematic deformation and mechanical stress attributes, all evolved in line with continuum mechanics principles. A defining characteristic of our method is the seamless integration between physical simulation and visual rendering: both components utilize the same 3D Gaussian kernels as their discrete representations. This negates the necessity for triangle/tetrahedron meshing, marching cubes, "cage meshes," or any other geometry embedding, highlighting the principle of "what you see is what you simulate (WS2)." Our method demonstrates exceptional versatility across a wide variety of materials--including elastic entities, metals, non-Newtonian fluids, and granular materials--showcasing its strong capabilities in creating diverse visual content with novel viewpoints and movements. Our project page is at: https://xpandora.github.io/PhysGaussian/

Key facts. Cited by 377 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Nov 2023.

Builds on

27 of 54 references.

References · 27

  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  3. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
  4. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  5. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  6. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
  7. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
  8. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,157
  9. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  10. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 843
  11. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
  12. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
15 more
  1. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 600
  2. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  3. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 476
  4. 2022NeRF-Editing: Geometry Editing of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 217
  5. 2023PAC-NeRF: Physics Augmented Continuum Neural Radiance Fields for Geometry-Agnostic System Identificationcited by 154
  6. 2022Deforming Radiance Fields with Cagescited by 78
  7. 2023Learning Neural Constitutive Laws From Motion Observations for Generalizable PDE Dynamicscited by 57
  8. 2022NeuPhysics: Editable Neural Geometry and Physics from Monocular Videoscited by 50
  9. 2023NeuralEditor: Editing Neural Radiance Fields via Manipulating Point Cloudscited by 41
  10. 2022ClimateNeRF: Extreme Weather Synthesis in Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 37
  11. 2022Virtual Elastic Objectscited by 35
  12. 2023Neural Stress Fields for Reduced-order Elastoplasticity and Fracturecited by 24
  13. 2022NeurMiPs: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesiscited by 23
  14. 2023Dynamic Mesh-Aware Radiance Fieldscited by 21
  15. 2023Neural Impostor: Editing Neural Radiance Fields with Explicit Shape Manipulationcited by 11

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 110; 2025: 130; 2026: 133.

377 papers.

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  1. 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,076
  2. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 344
  3. 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AIcited by 279
  4. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 230
  5. 2024VideoPhy: Evaluating Physical Commonsense for Video Generationcited by 228
  6. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
  7. 2024PhysDreamer: Physics-Based Interaction with 3D Objects via Video Generationcited by 191
  8. 2024VR-GS: A Physical Dynamics-Aware Interactive Gaussian Splatting System in Virtual Realitycited by 179
  9. 2024PhysGen: Rigid-Body Physics-Grounded Image-to-Video Generationcited by 174
  10. 2023Align Your Gaussians: Text-to-4D with Dynamic 3D Gaussians and Composed Diffusion Modelscited by 169
  11. 2026Advancing Open-source World Modelscited by 154
  12. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
38 more
  1. 2024Revising Densification in Gaussian Splattingcited by 128
  2. 2024ManiGaussian: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Multi-task Robotic Manipulationcited by 108
  3. 2025CAST: Component-Aligned 3D Scene Reconstruction from an RGB Imagecited by 106
  4. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
  5. 2025VideoREPA: Learning Physics for Video Generation through Relational Alignment with Foundation Modelscited by 98
  6. 2024Reconstruction and Simulation of Elastic Objects with Spring-Mass 3D Gaussianscited by 97
  7. 2025PhysTwin: Physics-Informed Reconstruction and Simulation of Deformable Objects from Videoscited by 87
  8. 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 83
  9. 2026PointWorld: Scaling 3D World Models for In-The-Wild Robotic Manipulationcited by 82
  10. 2024Physics3D: Learning Physical Properties of 3D Gaussians via Video Diffusioncited by 80
  11. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
  12. 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 74
  13. 2024SplatSim: Zero-Shot Sim2Real Transfer of RGB Manipulation Policies Using Gaussian Splattingcited by 69
  14. 2024Analytic-Splatting: Anti-Aliased 3D Gaussian Splatting via Analytic Integrationcited by 67
  15. 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
  16. 2025PhysGen3D: Crafting a Miniature Interactive World from a Single Imagecited by 66
  17. 2024Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient X-ray Novel View Synthesiscited by 58
  18. 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
  19. 2025Force Prompting: Video Generation Models Can Learn and Generalize Physics-based Control Signalscited by 53
  20. 2025VLIPP: Towards Physically Plausible Video Generation with Vision and Language Informed Physical Priorcited by 52
  21. 2024GaussNav: Gaussian Splatting for Visual Navigationcited by 49
  22. 2024GIC: Gaussian-Informed Continuum for Physical Property Identification and Simulationcited by 49
  23. 2024Texture-GS: Disentangling the Geometry and Texture for 3D Gaussian Splatting Editingcited by 47
  24. 2024Feature Splatting: Language-Driven Physics-Based Scene Synthesis and Editingcited by 45
  25. 2024PhyRecon: Physically Plausible Neural Scene Reconstructioncited by 45
  26. 2024PhysMotion: Physics-Grounded Dynamics From a Single Imagecited by 45
  27. 2024Dream to Manipulate: Compositional World Models Empowering Robot Imitation Learning with Imaginationcited by 45
  28. 2025WonderPlay: Dynamic 3D Scene Generation from a Single Image and Actionscited by 45
  29. 2026HY-World 2.0: A Multi-Modal World Model for Reconstructing, Generating, and Simulating 3D Worldscited by 44
  30. 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Tracking for Graph-Based Neural Dynamics Modelingcited by 43
  31. 2025PhysAnimator: Physics-Guided Generative Cartoon Animationcited by 42
  32. 2025PhysX-3D: Physical-Grounded 3D Asset Generationcited by 42
  33. 2024SA-GS: Scale-Adaptive Gaussian Splatting for Training-Free Anti-Aliasingcited by 41
  34. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 41
  35. 2024DreamPhysics: Learning Physics-Based 3D Dynamics with Video Diffusion Priorscited by 41
  36. 2025PhysCtrl: Generative Physics for Controllable and Physics-Grounded Video Generationcited by 41
  37. 2025NewtonGen: Physics-Consistent and Controllable Text-to-Video Generation via Neural Newtonian Dynamicscited by 41
  38. 2025Matrix3D: Large Photogrammetry Model All-in-Onecited by 40

50 most cited of 377 All 377 (JSON)