mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fields

arXiv 2111.12077 ↗First posted 23 Nov 2021cs.CV cs.GRcited by 2,013

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Cited by 132 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Though neural radiance fields (NeRF) have demonstrated impressive view synthesis results on objects and small bounded regions of space, they struggle on "unbounded" scenes, where the camera may point in any direction and content may exist at any distance. In this setting, existing NeRF-like models often produce blurry or low-resolution renderings (due to the unbalanced detail and scale of nearby and distant objects), are slow to train, and may exhibit artifacts due to the inherent ambiguity of the task of reconstructing a large scene from a small set of images. We present an extension of mip-NeRF (a NeRF variant that addresses sampling and aliasing) that uses a non-linear scene parameterization, online distillation, and a novel distortion-based regularizer to overcome the challenges presented by unbounded scenes. Our model, which we dub "mip-NeRF 360" as we target scenes in which the camera rotates 360 degrees around a point, reduces mean-squared error by 57% compared to mip-NeRF, and is able to produce realistic synthesized views and detailed depth maps for highly intricate, unbounded real-world scenes.

Key facts. Cited by 2,013 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2021.

Builds on

26 of 54 references.

References · 26

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,076
  4. 2020Fourier Features Let Networks Learn High Frequency Functions in Low Dimensional Domainscited by 2,170
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  6. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  7. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  8. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  9. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
  10. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  11. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  12. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 643
14 more
  1. 2017In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unitcited by 610
  2. 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 493
  3. 2021StyleNeRF: A Style-based 3D-Aware Generator for High-resolution Image Synthesiscited by 477
  4. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
  5. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  6. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
  7. 2020Stable View Synthesiscited by 165
  8. 2017Optimizing the Latent Space of Generative Networkscited by 157
  9. 2021TermiNeRF: Ray Termination Prediction for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 70
  10. 2020MatryODShka: Real-time 6DoF Video View Synthesis using Multi-Sphere Imagescited by 64
  11. 2019E-LPIPS: Robust Perceptual Image Similarity via Random Transformation Ensemblescited by 44
  12. 2021NeRF in detail: Learning to sample for view synthesiscited by 35
  13. 2018A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic Light Field Stills for Virtual Realitycited by 24
  14. 2020Deep Multi Depth Panoramas for View Synthesiscited by 20

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 90; 2023: 393; 2024: 637; 2025: 515; 2026: 375.

2,013 papers.

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  1. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusioncited by 3,006
  2. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creationcited by 1,285
  3. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillationcited by 1,207
  4. 2023MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generationcited by 928
  5. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  6. 2023LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for Single Image to 3Dcited by 834
  7. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  8. 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 747
  9. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
  10. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  11. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  12. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
38 more
  1. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  2. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  3. 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 596
  4. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
  5. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
  6. 2023DL3DV-10K: A Large-Scale Scene Dataset for Deep Learning-based 3D Visioncited by 514
  7. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  8. 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
  9. 2024CAT3D: Create Anything in 3D with Multi-View Diffusion Modelscited by 425
  10. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  11. 2023Magic123: One Image to High-Quality 3D Object Generation Using Both 2D and 3D Diffusion Priorscited by 395
  12. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  13. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  14. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  15. 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 359
  16. 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
  17. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
  18. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  19. 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
  20. 2025GEN3C: 3D-Informed World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Camera Controlcited by 325
  21. 2023OmniObject3D: Large-Vocabulary 3D Object Dataset for Realistic Perception, Reconstruction and Generationcited by 324
  22. 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priorscited by 317
  23. 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
  24. 2022Rodin: A Generative Model for Sculpting 3D Digital Avatars Using Diffusioncited by 309
  25. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
  26. 2022Novel View Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 299
  27. 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 294
  28. 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  29. 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  30. 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 269
  31. 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
  32. 2023SparseNeRF: Distilling Depth Ranking for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 247
  33. 2023DreamBooth3D: Subject-Driven Text-to-3D Generationcited by 235
  34. 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
  35. 2023Compressed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accelerated Novel View Synthesiscited by 232
  36. 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 228
  37. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
  38. 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224

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