mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spaces

arXiv 2311.02542 ↗First posted 5 Nov 2023cs.CV cs.GRcited by 86

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present an end-to-end system for the high-fidelity capture, model reconstruction, and real-time rendering of walkable spaces in virtual reality using neural radiance fields. To this end, we designed and built a custom multi-camera rig to densely capture walkable spaces in high fidelity and with multi-view high dynamic range images in unprecedented quality and density. We extend instant neural graphics primitives with a novel perceptual color space for learning accurate HDR appearance, and an efficient mip-mapping mechanism for level-of-detail rendering with anti-aliasing, while carefully optimizing the trade-off between quality and speed. Our multi-GPU renderer enables high-fidelity volume rendering of our neural radiance field model at the full VR resolution of dual 2K×2K at 36 Hz on our custom demo machine. We demonstrate the quality of our results on our challenging high-fidelity datasets, and compare our method and datasets to existing baselines. We release our dataset on our project website.

Key facts. Cited by 86 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 66 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Nov 2023.

Builds on

31 of 66 references.

References · 31

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  3. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  4. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  5. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,194
  6. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  7. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  8. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  9. 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
  10. 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
  11. 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
  12. 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
19 more
  1. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  2. 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
  3. 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
  4. 2019DeepView: View Synthesis with Learned Gradient Descentcited by 253
  5. 2021BungeeNeRF: Progressive Neural Radiance Field for Extreme Multi-scale Scene Renderingcited by 228
  6. 2016Panoptic Studio: A Massively Multiview System for Social Interaction Capturecited by 173
  7. 2020Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenes with Globally Coherent Depths from a Monocular Cameracited by 166
  8. 2023F2-NeRF: Fast Neural Radiance Field Training with Free Camera Trajectoriescited by 118
  9. 2023Progressively Optimized Local Radiance Fields for Robust View Synthesiscited by 103
  10. 2023Grid-guided Neural Radiance Fields for Large Urban Scenescited by 99
  11. 2022PermutoSDF: Fast Multi-View Reconstruction with Implicit Surfaces using Permutohedral Latticescited by 72
  12. 2021Free-viewpoint Indoor Neural Relighting from Multi-view Stereocited by 50
  13. 2023I2-SDF: Intrinsic Indoor Scene Reconstruction and Editing via Raytracing in Neural SDFscited by 42
  14. 2022HDR-Plenoxels: Self-Calibrating High Dynamic Range Radiance Fieldscited by 40
  15. 2023Efficient Large-scale Scene Representation with a Hybrid of High-resolution Grid and Plane Featurescited by 36
  16. 2022AligNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Radiance Fields via Alignment-Aware Trainingcited by 31
  17. 2023Learning Neural Duplex Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 28
  18. 2018A System for Acquiring, Processing, and Rendering Panoramic Light Field Stills for Virtual Realitycited by 24
  19. 2020Noise-Aware Merging of High Dynamic Range Image Stacks without Camera Calibrationcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 29; 2025: 38; 2026: 14.

86 papers.

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  1. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  2. 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
  3. 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
  4. 2024VR-GS: A Physical Dynamics-Aware Interactive Gaussian Splatting System in Virtual Realitycited by 175
  5. 2025Difix3D+: Improving 3D Reconstructions with Single-Step Diffusion Modelscited by 160
  6. 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
  7. 2025WorldMirror: Universal 3D World Reconstruction with Any-Prior Promptingcited by 60
  8. 2024Click-Gaussian: Interactive Segmentation to Any 3D Gaussianscited by 58
  9. 2024EvaGaussians: Event Stream Assisted Gaussian Splatting from Blurry Imagescited by 56
  10. 2024SelfSplat: Pose-Free and 3D Prior-Free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 40
  11. 2025FastGS: Training 3D Gaussian Splatting in 100 Secondscited by 39
  12. 2026NeoVerse: Enhancing 4D World Model with in-the-wild Monocular Videoscited by 39
38 more
  1. 2024Relaxing Accurate Initialization Constraint for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 33
  2. 2023SpecNeRF: Gaussian Directional Encoding for Specular Reflectionscited by 30
  3. 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Pointscited by 29
  4. 2023HybridNeRF: Efficient Neural Rendering via Adaptive Volumetric Surfacescited by 28
  5. 2024Lighting Every Darkness with 3DGS: Fast Training and Real-Time Rendering for HDR View Synthesiscited by 27
  6. 2024Video2Game: Real-time, Interactive, Realistic and Browser-Compatible Environment from a Single Videocited by 26
  7. 2024Real Acoustic Fields: An Audio-Visual Room Acoustics Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 20
  8. 2024Drone-assisted Road Gaussian Splatting with Cross-view Uncertaintycited by 20
  9. 2024D-MiSo: Editing Dynamic 3D Scenes using Multi-Gaussians Soupcited by 18
  10. 2025VRSplat: Fast and Robust Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Realitycited by 17
  11. 2025MonoSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Depth Foundation Modelscited by 15
  12. 2025DiET-GS: Diffusion Prior and Event Stream-Assisted Motion Deblurring 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
  13. 2025Neural Radiance Fields for the Real World: A Surveycited by 12
  14. 2024D-NPC: Dynamic Neural Point Clouds for Non-Rigid View Synthesis from Monocular Videocited by 11
  15. 2024Semantics-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scene Reconstruction and Rendering in Virtual Realitycited by 10
  16. 2025Self-Calibrating Gaussian Splatting for Large Field of View Reconstructioncited by 10
  17. 2024NeRAF: 3D Scene Infused Neural Radiance and Acoustic Fieldscited by 8
  18. 2024Turbo-GS: Accelerating 3D Gaussian Fitting for High-Quality Radiance Fieldscited by 8
  19. 2025Frequency-Aware Density Control via Reparameterization for High-Quality Rendering of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
  20. 2024NeRF as a Non-Distant Environment Emitter in Physics-based Inverse Renderingcited by 7
  21. 2025GS-Cache: A GS-Cache Inference Framework for Large-scale Gaussian Splatting Modelscited by 7
  22. 2025FastMap: Revisiting Structure from Motion through First-Order Optimizationcited by 7
  23. 2026LuxRemix: Lighting Decomposition and Remixing for Indoor Scenescited by 7
  24. 2025DWTNeRF: Boosting Few-shot Neural Radiance Fields via Discrete Wavelet Transformcited by 6
  25. 2025HaloGS: Loose Coupling of Compact Geometry and Gaussian Splats for 3D Scenescited by 6
  26. 2025ARTDECO: Towards Efficient and High-Fidelity On-the-Fly 3D Reconstruction with Structured Scene Representationcited by 6
  27. 2023SO-NeRF: Active View Planning for NeRF using Surrogate Objectivescited by 5
  28. 2024GaRField++: Reinforced Gaussian Radiance Fields for Large-Scale 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 5
  29. 2025Matrix-free Second-order Optimization of Gaussian Splats with Residual Samplingcited by 5
  30. 2025Differentiable Room Acoustic Rendering with Multi-View Vision Priorscited by 5
  31. 2026GR3EN: Generative Relighting for 3D Environmentscited by 5
  32. 2025Duplex-GS: Proxy-Guided Weighted Blending for Real-Time Order-Independent Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
  33. 2025Optimized Minimal 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
  34. 2025Learning Neural Exposure Fields for View Synthesiscited by 4
  35. 2025Selfi: Self Improving Reconstruction Engine via 3D Geometric Feature Alignmentcited by 4
  36. 2024E-3DGS: Gaussian Splatting with Exposure and Motion Eventscited by 3
  37. 2025SoundVista: Novel-View Ambient Sound Synthesis via Visual-Acoustic Bindingcited by 3
  38. 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 3

50 most cited of 86 All 86 (JSON)