Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practice
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a comprehensive benchmark for local features and robust estimation algorithms, focusing on the downstream task -- the accuracy of the reconstructed camera pose -- as our primary metric. Our pipeline's modular structure allows easy integration, configuration, and combination of different methods and heuristics. This is demonstrated by embedding dozens of popular algorithms and evaluating them, from seminal works to the cutting edge of machine learning research. We show that with proper settings, classical solutions may still outperform the perceived state of the art. Besides establishing the actual state of the art, the conducted experiments reveal unexpected properties of Structure from Motion (SfM) pipelines that can help improve their performance, for both algorithmic and learned methods. Data and code are online https://github.com/vcg-uvic/image-matching-benchmark, providing an easy-to-use and flexible framework for the benchmarking of local features and robust estimation methods, both alongside and against top-performing methods. This work provides a basis for the Image Matching Challenge https://vision.uvic.ca/image-matching-challenge.
Key facts. Cited by 224 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 29; 2023: 46; 2024: 39; 2025: 45; 2026: 40.
224 papers.
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- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
- 2023LightGlue: Local Feature Matching at Light Speedcited by 583
- 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2021COTR: Correspondence Transformer for Matching Across Imagescited by 182
- 2025FLARE: Feed-forward Geometry, Appearance and Camera Estimation from Uncalibrated Sparse Viewscited by 176
- 2022NeRF: Neural Radiance Field in 3D Vision: A Comprehensive Review (Updated Post-Gaussian Splatting)cited by 156
38 more
- 2023PoseDiffusion: Solving Pose Estimation via Diffusion-aided Bundle Adjustmentcited by 146
- 2023Unsupervised Semantic Correspondence Using Stable Diffusioncited by 120
- 2021NeRF for Outdoor Scene Relightingcited by 114
- 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
- 2022LaMAR: Benchmarking Localization and Mapping for Augmented Realitycited by 98
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2023Nerfbusters: Removing Ghostly Artifacts from Casually Captured NeRFscited by 76
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2024GIM: Learning Generalizable Image Matcher From Internet Videoscited by 72
- 2023Detector-Free Structure from Motioncited by 71
- 2021On the Limits of Pseudo Ground Truth in Visual Camera Re-localisationcited by 63
- 2024SWAG: Splatting in the Wild images with Appearance-conditioned Gaussianscited by 61
- 2023SiLK -- Simple Learned Keypointscited by 54
- 2022SparsePose: Sparse-View Camera Pose Regression and Refinementcited by 53
- 2023NAVI: Category-Agnostic Image Collections with High-Quality 3D Shape and Pose Annotationscited by 53
- 2021Progressive Correspondence Pruning by Consensus Learningcited by 46
- 20233D Line Mapping Revisitedcited by 39
- 2025AerialMegaDepth: Learning Aerial-Ground Reconstruction and View Synthesiscited by 39
- 2023SNAP: Self-Supervised Neural Maps for Visual Positioning and Semantic Understandingcited by 38
- 2023Tracking and Mapping in Medical Computer Vision: A Reviewcited by 36
- 2024WE-GS: An In-the-wild Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 33
- 2022TopicFM: Robust and Interpretable Topic-Assisted Feature Matchingcited by 32
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2023POPE: 6-DoF Promptable Pose Estimation of Any Object, in Any Scene, with One Referencecited by 30
- 2022Decoupling Makes Weakly Supervised Local Feature Bettercited by 28
- 2024EgoGen: An Egocentric Synthetic Data Generatorcited by 27
- 2022Self-Supervised Equivariant Learning for Oriented Keypoint Detectioncited by 26
- 2022ReDFeat: Recoupling Detection and Description for Multimodal Feature Learningcited by 26
- 2022PlaneFormers: From Sparse View Planes to 3D Reconstructioncited by 26
- 2024Matching 2D Images in 3D: Metric Relative Pose from Metric Correspondencescited by 25
- 2025MP-SfM: Monocular Surface Priors for Robust Structure-from-Motioncited by 25
- 2021EventPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Description for Event-based Cameracited by 24
- 2022Guide Local Feature Matching by Overlap Estimationcited by 24
- 2022DynaST: Dynamic Sparse Transformer for Exemplar-Guided Image Generationcited by 24
- 2023Learning Rotation-Equivariant Features for Visual Correspondencecited by 23
- 2021NinjaDesc: Content-Concealing Visual Descriptors via Adversarial Learningcited by 21
- 2023Are Local Features All You Need for Cross-Domain Visual Place Recognition?cited by 21
- 2023Visual Localization using Imperfect 3D Models from the Internetcited by 20
50 most cited of 224 All 224 (JSON)
- 2026Agentic Relative Camera Pose Estimation via Learned Ranking and Verification30 Sep 2026
- 2026OTT3R: Multi-View 3D Reconstruction and Fast Dataset Generation at 1% Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026QuacamFM: Quaternion-Constrained Flow Matching for Camera Pose Estimation26 Sep 2026
- 2026FixAnything: 3D-Consistent Rendering Refinement via Video Generative Priors24 Aug 2026
- 2026Misanthrope: A Privacy-Preserving Keypoint Detector24 Aug 2026
- 2026Self-Calibrating Dense Displacement Fields for Reliable Co-Registration of Large Optical Satellite Imagery23 Aug 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026Hold-Out Self-Validation Cannot Certify Photogrammetric Accuracy: Saturation and Blindness to Coherent Distortion25 Jul 2026
- 2026DGSfM: Depth-Guided Scale-Aware Global Structure-from-Motion10 Jul 2026
- 2026DS-SAC: Density Search for Sample Consensus4 Jul 2026
- 2026PRISM3D: Probabilistic Refinement and Robust Initialization for Physically Consistent Scene Modeling under Extreme Motion Blur4 Jul 2026
- 2026Planar-SfM: Camera Pose Estimation via Homography Graph Embeddings30 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026REDI-Match: Rotation-Equivariant Distillation for Efficient and Robust Dense Matching23 Jun 2026
- 2026RANSAC Scoring Done Right12 Jun 2026
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Eliciting Complex Spatial Reasoning in MLLMs through Wide-Baseline Matching2 Jun 2026
- 2026SAMatcher: Dense Co-Visibility Modeling via Cross-View Fusion for Scale-Imbalance Image Matching2 Jun 2026
- 2026Global Structure-from-Motion Meets Feedforward Reconstruction25 May 2026
- 2026Depth2Pose: A Pose-Based Benchmark for Monocular Depth Estimation without Ground-Truth Depth19 May 2026
- 2026EpiDiffVO: Geometry-Aware Epipolar Diffusion for Robust Visual Odometry19 May 2026
- 2026PySIFT: GPU-Resident Deterministic SIFT for Deep Learning Vision Pipelines18 May 2026
- 2026Seeing Across Skies and Streets: Feedforward 3D Reconstruction from Satellite, Drone, and Ground Images8 May 2026
- 2026Non-Minimal Sampling and Consensus for Prohibitively Large Datasets24 Apr 2026
- 2026DF3DV-1K: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Distractor-Free Novel View Synthesis15 Apr 2026
- 2026ELViS: Efficient Visual Similarity from Local Descriptors that Generalizes Across Domains30 Mar 2026
- 2026TerraSky3D: Multi-View Reconstructions of European Landmarks in 4K30 Mar 2026
- 2026MV-RoMa: From Pairwise Matching into Multi-View Track Reconstruction29 Mar 2026
- 2026Scene Grounding In the Wild27 Mar 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Efficient & Effective Camera Pose Estimation Strategies for Novel View Synthesis20 Mar 2026
- 2026Sky2Ground: A Benchmark for Site Modeling under Varying Altitude14 Mar 2026
- 2026CM-Bench: A Comprehensive Cross-Modal Feature Matching Benchmark Bridging Visible and Infrared Images13 Mar 2026
- 2026GGPT: Geometry Grounded Point Transformer11 Mar 2026
- 2026Evidential Neural Radiance Fields27 Feb 2026
- 2026RaCo: Ranking and Covariance for Practical Learned Keypoints17 Feb 2026
- 2026Understanding and Optimizing Attention-Based Sparse Matching for Diverse Local Features9 Feb 2026
- 2026SuperPoint-E: local features for 3D reconstruction via tracking adaptation in endoscopy4 Feb 2026
- 2026Neural Predictor-Corrector: Solving Homotopy Problems with Reinforcement Learning3 Feb 2026
- 2026A Streamlined Attention-Based Network for Descriptor Extraction19 Jan 2026
- 2026XRefine: Attention-Guided Keypoint Match Refinement18 Jan 2026
- 2026MixRI: Mixing Features of Reference Images for Novel Object Pose Estimation11 Jan 2026
- 2025SC-Net: Robust Correspondence Learning via Spatial and Cross-Channel Context29 Dec 2025
- 2025RANSAC Scoring Functions: Analysis and Reality Check22 Dec 2025
- 2025Emergent Outlier View Rejection in Visual Geometry Grounded Transformers3 Dec 2025
- 2025Unlocking Zero-shot Potential of Semi-dense Image Matching via Gaussian Splatting26 Nov 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025LeCoT: revisiting network architecture for two-view correspondence pruning10 Nov 2025
- 2025Scene Coordinate Reconstruction Priors14 Oct 2025
- 2025ACE-G: Improving Generalization of Scene Coordinate Regression Through Query Pre-Training13 Oct 2025
- 2025Optical Ocean Recipes: Creating Realistic Datasets to Facilitate Underwater Vision Research24 Sep 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondence22 Sep 2025
50 newest of 224 All 224 (JSON)
- 2025VMatcher: State-Space Semi-Dense Local Feature Matchingcited by 0
- 2025VMatcher: State-Space Semi-Dense Local Feature Matching31 Jul 2025
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 960
- 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
- 2023LightGlue: Local Feature Matching at Light Speedcited by 583
- 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
- 2025AnySplat: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Viewscited by 234
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2024Octree-GS: Towards Consistent Real-time Rendering with LOD-Structured 3D Gaussianscited by 225
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2021COTR: Correspondence Transformer for Matching Across Imagescited by 182
- 2025FLARE: Feed-forward Geometry, Appearance and Camera Estimation from Uncalibrated Sparse Viewscited by 176
- 2022NeRF: Neural Radiance Field in 3D Vision: A Comprehensive Review (Updated Post-Gaussian Splatting)cited by 156
12 most cited of 219 All 219 (JSON)
- 2026Agentic Relative Camera Pose Estimation via Learned Ranking and Verification30 Sep 2026
- 2026OTT3R: Multi-View 3D Reconstruction and Fast Dataset Generation at 1% Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026FixAnything: 3D-Consistent Rendering Refinement via Video Generative Priors24 Aug 2026
- 2026Misanthrope: A Privacy-Preserving Keypoint Detector24 Aug 2026
- 2026Self-Calibrating Dense Displacement Fields for Reliable Co-Registration of Large Optical Satellite Imagery23 Aug 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026Hold-Out Self-Validation Cannot Certify Photogrammetric Accuracy: Saturation and Blindness to Coherent Distortion25 Jul 2026
- 2026DGSfM: Depth-Guided Scale-Aware Global Structure-from-Motion10 Jul 2026
- 2026DS-SAC: Density Search for Sample Consensus4 Jul 2026
- 2026PRISM3D: Probabilistic Refinement and Robust Initialization for Physically Consistent Scene Modeling under Extreme Motion Blur4 Jul 2026
- 2026Planar-SfM: Camera Pose Estimation via Homography Graph Embeddings30 Jun 2026
- 2026REDI-Match: Rotation-Equivariant Distillation for Efficient and Robust Dense Matching23 Jun 2026
12 newest of 219 All 219 (JSON)