mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Rendering

arXiv 2312.05941 ↗First posted 10 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 104

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Abstract (arXiv)

Real-time rendering of photorealistic and controllable human avatars stands as a cornerstone in Computer Vision and Graphics. While recent advances in neural implicit rendering have unlocked unprecedented photorealism for digital avatars, real-time performance has mostly been demonstrated for static scenes only. To address this, we propose ASH, an animatable Gaussian splatting approach for photorealistic rendering of dynamic humans in real-time. We parameterize the clothed human as animatable 3D Gaussians, which can be efficiently splatted into image space to generate the final rendering. However, naively learning the Gaussian parameters in 3D space poses a severe challenge in terms of compute. Instead, we attach the Gaussians onto a deformable character model, and learn their parameters in 2D texture space, which allows leveraging efficient 2D convolutional architectures that easily scale with the required number of Gaussians. We benchmark ASH with competing methods on pose-controllable avatars, demonstrating that our method outperforms existing real-time methods by a large margin and shows comparable or even better results than offline methods.

Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 66 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Dec 2023.

Builds on

66 of 84 references.

References · 66

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  3. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  4. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  5. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
  6. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  7. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
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  11. 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
  12. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,194
38 more
  1. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  2. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  3. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  4. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  5. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 857
  6. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 750
  7. 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 698
  8. 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
  9. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 539
  10. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  11. 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 470
  12. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
  13. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 401
  14. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  15. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
  16. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  17. 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
  18. 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
  19. 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
  20. 2020STAR: Sparse Trained Articulated Human Body Regressorcited by 194
  21. 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
  22. 2018Escaping Plato's Cave: 3D Shape From Adversarial Renderingcited by 170
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  26. 2021Neural Human Performer: Learning Generalizable Radiance Fields for Human Performance Renderingcited by 158
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50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 36; 2025: 38; 2026: 27.

104 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  2. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  3. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
  4. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  5. 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 73
  6. 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
  7. 2024HumanSplat: Generalizable Single-Image Human Gaussian Splatting with Structure Priorscited by 54
  8. 2024SplatFields: Neural Gaussian Splats for Sparse 3D and 4D Reconstructioncited by 52
  9. 2024PhysAvatar: Learning the Physics of Dressed 3D Avatars from Visual Observationscited by 51
  10. 2023SWinGS: Sliding Windows for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 46
  11. 2024ConvoFusion: Multi-Modal Conversational Diffusion for Co-Speech Gesture Synthesiscited by 41
  12. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 40
38 more
  1. 2024Generalizable Human Gaussians for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 40
  2. 2024GaussianHeads: End-to-End Learning of Drivable Gaussian Head Avatars from Coarse-to-fine Representationscited by 31
  3. 2025Vid2Avatar-Pro: Authentic Avatar from Videos in the Wild via Universal Priorcited by 31
  4. 2024HAHA: Highly Articulated Gaussian Human Avatars with Textured Mesh Priorcited by 30
  5. 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videoscited by 30
  6. 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
  7. 2024LayGA: Layered Gaussian Avatars for Animatable Clothing Transfercited by 22
  8. 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 22
  9. 2024Gaussian Eigen Models for Human Headscited by 21
  10. 2023Holoported Characters: Real-time Free-viewpoint Rendering of Humans from Sparse RGB Camerascited by 17
  11. 2024UV Gaussians: Joint Learning of Mesh Deformation and Gaussian Textures for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 17
  12. 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
  13. 2025PERSONA: Personalized Whole-Body 3D Avatar with Pose-Driven Deformations from a Single Imagecited by 13
  14. 2024Surfel-based Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Fast and Relightable Dynamic Human Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 12
  15. 2025Real-time High-fidelity Gaussian Human Avatars with Position-based Interpolation of Spatially Distributed MLPscited by 12
  16. 2023Relightable Neural Actor with Intrinsic Decomposition and Pose Controlcited by 11
  17. 2024MetaCap: Meta-learning Priors from Multi-View Imagery for Sparse-view Human Performance Capture and Renderingcited by 11
  18. 2025SEGA: Drivable 3D Gaussian Head Avatar from a Single Imagecited by 11
  19. 2024DEGAS: Detailed Expressions on Full-Body Gaussian Avatarscited by 10
  20. 2024ToMiE: Towards Explicit Exoskeleton for the Reconstruction of Complicated 3D Human Avatarscited by 10
  21. 2024MultiGO: Towards Multi-level Geometry Learning for Monocular 3D Textured Human Reconstructioncited by 10
  22. 2024SqueezeMe: Mobile-Ready Distillation of Gaussian Full-Body Avatarscited by 10
  23. 2025MVHumanNet++: A Large-scale Dataset of Multi-view Daily Dressing Human Captures with Richer Annotations for 3D Human Digitizationcited by 9
  24. 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
  25. 2024PICA: Physics-Integrated Clothed Avatarcited by 8
  26. 2024Gaussians-to-Life: Text-Driven Animation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 8
  27. 2025RePerformer: Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videos from Playback to Photoreal Reperformancecited by 8
  28. 2025MPMAvatar: Learning 3D Gaussian Avatars with Accurate and Robust Physics-Based Dynamicscited by 8
  29. 2024EgoAvatar: Egocentric View-Driven and Photorealistic Full-body Avatarscited by 7
  30. 2024Real-time Free-view Human Rendering from Sparse-view RGB Videos using Double Unprojected Texturescited by 7
  31. 2025EVA: Expressive Virtual Avatars from Multi-view Videoscited by 7
  32. 2024Interactive Rendering of Relightable and Animatable Gaussian Avatarscited by 6
  33. 2025GASPACHO: Gaussian Splatting for Controllable Humans and Objectscited by 5
  34. 2025SignSplat: Rendering Sign Language via Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  35. 2025MGSR: 2D/3D Mutual-boosted Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Surface Reconstruction under Various Light Conditionscited by 4
  36. 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 4
  37. 2025Reconstructing Close Human Interaction with Appearance and Proxemics Reasoningcited by 4
  38. 2025SAT: Supervisor Regularization and Animation Augmentation for Two-process Monocular Texture 3D Human Reconstructioncited by 4

50 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)