Background Matting: The World is Your Green Screen
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a method for creating a matte -- the per-pixel foreground color and alpha -- of a person by taking photos or videos in an everyday setting with a handheld camera. Most existing matting methods require a green screen background or a manually created trimap to produce a good matte. Automatic, trimap-free methods are appearing, but are not of comparable quality. In our trimap free approach, we ask the user to take an additional photo of the background without the subject at the time of capture. This step requires a small amount of foresight but is far less time-consuming than creating a trimap. We train a deep network with an adversarial loss to predict the matte. We first train a matting network with supervised loss on ground truth data with synthetic composites. To bridge the domain gap to real imagery with no labeling, we train another matting network guided by the first network and by a discriminator that judges the quality of composites. We demonstrate results on a wide variety of photos and videos and show significant improvement over the state of the art.
Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Apr 2020.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 23; 2023: 19; 2024: 12; 2025: 13; 2026: 10.
104 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2021Robust High-Resolution Video Matting with Temporal Guidancecited by 136
- 2023Vid2Avatar: 3D Avatar Reconstruction from Videos in the Wild via Self-supervised Scene Decompositioncited by 134
- 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Renderingcited by 104
- 2022NeuralDome: A Neural Modeling Pipeline on Multi-View Human-Object Interactionscited by 67
- 2024SwitchLight: Co-design of Physics-driven Architecture and Pre-training Framework for Human Portrait Relightingcited by 66
- 2022Human Performance Modeling and Rendering via Neural Animated Meshcited by 64
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Portrait Mattingcited by 60
- 2021Deep Automatic Natural Image Mattingcited by 59
- 2021Semantic Image Mattingcited by 55
- 2021Omnimatte: Associating Objects and Their Effects in Videocited by 50
- 2022MatteFormer: Transformer-Based Image Matting via Prior-Tokenscited by 48
- 2021Deep Video Matting via Spatio-Temporal Alignment and Aggregationcited by 41
38 more
- 2023Matting Anythingcited by 30
- 2023TriHuman : A Real-time and Controllable Tri-plane Representation for Detailed Human Geometry and Appearance Synthesiscited by 28
- 2021Attention-guided Temporally Coherent Video Object Mattingcited by 25
- 2022Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preservingcited by 25
- 2022Human Instance Matting via Mutual Guidance and Multi-Instance Refinementcited by 25
- 2021Visiting the Invisible: Layer-by-Layer Completed Scene Decompositioncited by 23
- 2022PP-Matting: High-Accuracy Natural Image Mattingcited by 23
- 2022VMFormer: End-to-End Video Matting with Transformercited by 20
- 2024MaGGIe: Masked Guided Gradual Human Instance Mattingcited by 18
- 2023Decaf: Monocular Deformation Capture for Face and Hand Interactionscited by 17
- 2021Convolutional Neural Opacity Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2021Image2Lego: Customized LEGO Set Generation from Imagescited by 14
- 2021IICNet: A Generic Framework for Reversible Image Conversioncited by 13
- 2021Long-Range Feature Propagating for Natural Image Mattingcited by 13
- 2024Matting by Generationcited by 13
- 2022One-Trimap Video Mattingcited by 12
- 2023Deep Image Matting: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 12
- 2021Cascade Image Matting with Deformable Graph Refinementcited by 11
- 2021VirtualCube: An Immersive 3D Video Communication Systemcited by 11
- 2022BodyMap: Learning Full-Body Dense Correspondence Mapcited by 11
- 2022Robust Human Matting via Semantic Guidancecited by 11
- 2024Green Screen Augmentation Enables Scene Generalisation in Robotic Manipulationcited by 11
- 2025OmniPSD: Layered PSD Generation with Diffusion Transformercited by 11
- 2022FAR: Fourier Aerial Video Recognitioncited by 10
- 2022FactorMatte: Redefining Video Matting for Re-Composition Taskscited by 8
- 2021MODNet-V: Improving Portrait Video Matting via Background Restorationcited by 7
- 2023Adaptive Human Matting for Dynamic Videoscited by 7
- 2021Salient Image Mattingcited by 6
- 2021Prior-Induced Information Alignment for Image Mattingcited by 6
- 2021Highly Efficient Natural Image Mattingcited by 6
- 2022Structure-Aware Flow Generation for Human Body Reshapingcited by 6
- 2023VINECS: Video-based Neural Character Skinningcited by 6
- 2021Deep Image Matting with Flexible Guidance Inputcited by 5
- 2023Virtual Occlusions Through Implicit Depthcited by 5
- 2023High-Resolution Volumetric Reconstruction for Clothed Humanscited by 5
- 2023Hashing Neural Video Decomposition with Multiplicative Residuals in Space-Timecited by 5
- 2022Differentiable Frequency-based Disentanglement for Aerial Video Action Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022Hierarchical and Progressive Image Mattingcited by 4
50 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)
- 2026A Multi-Layer System for Ultra-High-Resolution Static 360-Degree Telepresence6 Aug 2026
- 2026Parallax Portrait Matting13 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-supervised Automatic Matting11 Jul 2026
- 2026CineMatte: Background Matting for Virtual Production and Beyond18 May 2026
- 2026UniVidX: A Unified Multimodal Framework for Versatile Video Generation via Diffusion Priors1 May 2026
- 2026Generating Humanless Environment Walkthroughs from Egocentric Walking Tour Videos30 Mar 2026
- 2026TransText: Alpha-as-RGB Representation for Transparent Text Animation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Diff-PC: Identity-preserving and 3D-aware Controllable Diffusion for Zero-shot Portrait Customization31 Jan 2026
- 2026Segment and Matte Anything in a Unified Model17 Jan 2026
- 2026Clean-GS: Semantic Mask-Guided Pruning for 3D Gaussian Splatting1 Jan 2026
- 2025EasyOmnimatte: Taming Pretrained Inpainting Diffusion Models for End-to-End Video Layered Decomposition26 Dec 2025
- 2025OmniPSD: Layered PSD Generation with Diffusion Transformer10 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Generative Video Matting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Capture Stage Matting: Challenges, Approaches, and Solutions for Offline and Real-Time Processing10 Jul 2025
- 2025BiVM: Accurate Binarized Neural Network for Efficient Video Matting6 Jul 2025
- 2025Post-Training Quantization for Video Matting12 Jun 2025
- 2025SGD-Mix: Enhancing Domain-Specific Image Classification with Label-Preserving Data Augmentation17 May 2025
- 2025HyperNVD: Accelerating Neural Video Decomposition via Hypernetworks21 Mar 2025
- 2025Physically Plausible Human-Object Rendering from Sparse Views via 3D Gaussian Splatting12 Mar 2025
- 2025VRMDiff: Text-Guided Video Referring Matting Generation of Diffusion11 Mar 2025
- 2025Object-Aware Video Matting with Cross-Frame Guidance3 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Image Matting in Real-World Scenes with Mask-Guided Iterative Refinement24 Feb 2025
- 2025Efficient Portrait Matte Creation With Layer Diffusion and Connectivity Priors27 Jan 2025
- 2024TEDRA: Text-based Editing of Dynamic and Photoreal Actors28 Aug 2024
- 2024Matting by Generation30 Jul 2024
- 2024Green Screen Augmentation Enables Scene Generalisation in Robotic Manipulation10 Jul 2024
- 2024Boosting General Trimap-free Matting in the Real-World Image28 May 2024
- 2024MaGGIe: Masked Guided Gradual Human Instance Matting24 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Label-Efficient Human Matting: A Simple Baseline for Weakly Semi-Supervised Trimap-Free Human Matting1 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning Trimaps via Clicks for Image Matting30 Mar 2024
- 2024In-Context Matting23 Mar 2024
- 2024Zippo: Zipping Color and Transparency Distributions into a Single Diffusion Model17 Mar 2024
- 2024SwitchLight: Co-design of Physics-driven Architecture and Pre-training Framework for Human Portrait Relighting29 Feb 2024
- 2024DART: Depth-Enhanced Accurate and Real-Time Background Matting24 Feb 2024
- 2024POBEVM: Real-time Video Matting via Progressively Optimize the Target Body and Edge15 Feb 2024
- 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Rendering10 Dec 2023
- 2023TriHuman : A Real-time and Controllable Tri-plane Representation for Detailed Human Geometry and Appearance Synthesis8 Dec 2023
- 2023DiffusionMat: Alpha Matting as Sequential Refinement Learning22 Nov 2023
- 2023Video Instance Matting7 Nov 2023
- 2023Lightweight Portrait Matting via Regional Attention and Refinement7 Nov 2023
- 2023Decaf: Monocular Deformation Capture for Face and Hand Interactions28 Sep 2023
- 2023Hashing Neural Video Decomposition with Multiplicative Residuals in Space-Time25 Sep 2023
- 2023EFormer: Enhanced Transformer towards Semantic-Contour Features of Foreground for Portraits Matting24 Aug 2023
- 2023High-Resolution Volumetric Reconstruction for Clothed Humans25 Jul 2023
- 2023VINECS: Video-based Neural Character Skinning3 Jul 2023
- 2023Matting Anything8 Jun 2023
- 2023Color-aware Deep Temporal Backdrop Duplex Matting System5 Jun 2023
- 2023Virtual Occlusions Through Implicit Depth11 May 2023
- 2023Adversarially-Guided Portrait Matting4 May 2023
- 2023TorchBench: Benchmarking PyTorch with High API Surface Coverage27 Apr 2023
50 newest of 104 All 104 (JSON)
- 2025OmniPSD: Layered PSD Generation with Diffusion Transformercited by 11
- 2025SGD-Mix: Enhancing Domain-Specific Image Classification with Label-Preserving Data Augmentationcited by 3
- 2026UniVidX: A Unified Multimodal Framework for Versatile Video Generation via Diffusion Priorscited by 3
- 2023DiffusionMat: Alpha Matting as Sequential Refinement Learningcited by 2
- 2024Zippo: Zipping Color and Transparency Distributions into a Single Diffusion Modelcited by 2
- 2024TEDRA: Text-based Editing of Dynamic and Photoreal Actorscited by 1
- 2025EasyOmnimatte: Taming Pretrained Inpainting Diffusion Models for End-to-End Video Layered Decompositioncited by 1
- 2026UniVidX: A Unified Multimodal Framework for Versatile Video Generation via Diffusion Priors1 May 2026
- 2025EasyOmnimatte: Taming Pretrained Inpainting Diffusion Models for End-to-End Video Layered Decomposition26 Dec 2025
- 2025OmniPSD: Layered PSD Generation with Diffusion Transformer10 Dec 2025
- 2025SGD-Mix: Enhancing Domain-Specific Image Classification with Label-Preserving Data Augmentation17 May 2025
- 2024TEDRA: Text-based Editing of Dynamic and Photoreal Actors28 Aug 2024
- 2024Zippo: Zipping Color and Transparency Distributions into a Single Diffusion Model17 Mar 2024
- 2023DiffusionMat: Alpha Matting as Sequential Refinement Learning22 Nov 2023
- 2021Robust High-Resolution Video Matting with Temporal Guidancecited by 136
- 2023Vid2Avatar: 3D Avatar Reconstruction from Videos in the Wild via Self-supervised Scene Decompositioncited by 134
- 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Renderingcited by 104
- 2022NeuralDome: A Neural Modeling Pipeline on Multi-View Human-Object Interactionscited by 67
- 2024SwitchLight: Co-design of Physics-driven Architecture and Pre-training Framework for Human Portrait Relightingcited by 66
- 2022Human Performance Modeling and Rendering via Neural Animated Meshcited by 64
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Portrait Mattingcited by 60
- 2021Deep Automatic Natural Image Mattingcited by 59
- 2021Semantic Image Mattingcited by 55
- 2021Omnimatte: Associating Objects and Their Effects in Videocited by 50
- 2022MatteFormer: Transformer-Based Image Matting via Prior-Tokenscited by 48
- 2021Deep Video Matting via Spatio-Temporal Alignment and Aggregationcited by 41
12 most cited of 97 All 97 (JSON)
- 2026A Multi-Layer System for Ultra-High-Resolution Static 360-Degree Telepresence6 Aug 2026
- 2026Parallax Portrait Matting13 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-supervised Automatic Matting11 Jul 2026
- 2026CineMatte: Background Matting for Virtual Production and Beyond18 May 2026
- 2026Generating Humanless Environment Walkthroughs from Egocentric Walking Tour Videos30 Mar 2026
- 2026TransText: Alpha-as-RGB Representation for Transparent Text Animation18 Mar 2026
- 2026Diff-PC: Identity-preserving and 3D-aware Controllable Diffusion for Zero-shot Portrait Customization31 Jan 2026
- 2026Segment and Matte Anything in a Unified Model17 Jan 2026
- 2026Clean-GS: Semantic Mask-Guided Pruning for 3D Gaussian Splatting1 Jan 2026
- 2025Generative Video Matting11 Aug 2025
- 2025Capture Stage Matting: Challenges, Approaches, and Solutions for Offline and Real-Time Processing10 Jul 2025
- 2025BiVM: Accurate Binarized Neural Network for Efficient Video Matting6 Jul 2025
12 newest of 97 All 97 (JSON)