mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Real-time Deep Dynamic Characters

arXiv 2105.01794 ↗First posted 4 May 2021cs.CVcited by 133

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a deep videorealistic 3D human character model displaying highly realistic shape, motion, and dynamic appearance learned in a new weakly supervised way from multi-view imagery. In contrast to previous work, our controllable 3D character displays dynamics, e.g., the swing of the skirt, dependent on skeletal body motion in an efficient data-driven way, without requiring complex physics simulation. Our character model also features a learned dynamic texture model that accounts for photo-realistic motion-dependent appearance details, as well as view-dependent lighting effects. During training, we do not need to resort to difficult dynamic 3D capture of the human; instead we can train our model entirely from multi-view video in a weakly supervised manner. To this end, we propose a parametric and differentiable character representation which allows us to model coarse and fine dynamic deformations, e.g., garment wrinkles, as explicit space-time coherent mesh geometry that is augmented with high-quality dynamic textures dependent on motion and view point. As input to the model, only an arbitrary 3D skeleton motion is required, making it directly compatible with the established 3D animation pipeline. We use a novel graph convolutional network architecture to enable motion-dependent deformation learning of body and clothing, including dynamics, and a neural generative dynamic texture model creates corresponding dynamic texture maps. We show that by merely providing new skeletal motions, our model creates motion-dependent surface deformations, physically plausible dynamic clothing deformations, as well as video-realistic surface textures at a much higher level of detail than previous state of the art approaches, and even in real-time.

Key facts. Cited by 133 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 100 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 May 2021.

Builds on

49 of 100 references.

References · 49

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,527
  4. 2016Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filteringcited by 2,089
  5. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
  6. 2017High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANscited by 1,179
  7. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  8. 2019Scene Representation Networks: Continuous 3D-Structure-Aware Neural Scene Representationscited by 864
  9. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 861
  10. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
  11. 2020Neural Body: Implicit Neural Representations with Structured Latent Codes for Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Humanscited by 634
  12. 2018DensePose: Dense Human Pose Estimation In The Wildcited by 575
37 more
  1. 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 467
  2. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  3. 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
  4. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
  5. 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 405
  6. 2018Video-to-Video Synthesiscited by 390
  7. 2018Everybody Dance Nowcited by 315
  8. 2018Deep Video Portraitscited by 267
  9. 2017Pose Guided Person Image Generationcited by 251
  10. 2020Pose2Mesh: Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose and Mesh Recovery from a 2D Human Posecited by 248
  11. 2019Multi-Garment Net: Learning to Dress 3D People from Imagescited by 245
  12. 2018Video Based Reconstruction of 3D People Modelscited by 238
  13. 2019Learning to Predict 3D Objects with an Interpolation-based Differentiable Renderercited by 221
  14. 2019Learning to Reconstruct People in Clothing from a Single RGB Cameracited by 168
  15. 2017Deformable GANs for Pose-based Human Image Generationcited by 166
  16. 2018Deep Appearance Models for Face Renderingcited by 164
  17. 2020DeepCap: Monocular Human Performance Capture Using Weak Supervisioncited by 162
  18. 2019SDFDiff: Differentiable Rendering of Signed Distance Fields for 3D Shape Optimizationcited by 159
  19. 2020TailorNet: Predicting Clothing in 3D as a Function of Human Pose, Shape and Garment Stylecited by 149
  20. 2018Detailed Human Avatars from Monocular Videocited by 109
  21. 2017Disentangled Person Image Generationcited by 98
  22. 2018LiveCap: Real-time Human Performance Capture from Monocular Videocited by 93
  23. 2018DeepWrinkles: Accurate and Realistic Clothing Modelingcited by 90
  24. 2019Learning-Based Animation of Clothing for Virtual Try-Oncited by 89
  25. 2020Learning Compositional Radiance Fields of Dynamic Human Headscited by 78
  26. 2018GarNet: A Two-Stream Network for Fast and Accurate 3D Cloth Drapingcited by 69
  27. 2019Textured Neural Avatarscited by 65
  28. 2021Neural Re-Rendering of Humans from a Single Imagecited by 59
  29. 2018Unsupervised Person Image Synthesis in Arbitrary Posescited by 55
  30. 2020Pose-Guided Human Animation from a Single Image in the Wildcited by 53
  31. 2019SimulCap : Single-View Human Performance Capture with Cloth Simulationcited by 41
  32. 2018Deep Video-Based Performance Cloningcited by 32
  33. 2018A Pixel-Based Framework for Data-Driven Clothingcited by 28
  34. 2020TexMesh: Reconstructing Detailed Human Texture and Geometry from RGB-D Videocited by 28
  35. 2020Deep Detail Enhancement for Any Garmentcited by 22
  36. 2020MulayCap: Multi-layer Human Performance Capture Using A Monocular Video Cameracited by 14
  37. 2020Going beyond Free Viewpoint: Creating Animatable Volumetric Video of Human Performancescited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 29; 2023: 30; 2024: 27; 2025: 21; 2026: 16.

133 papers.

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  1. 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
  2. 2022NeuS2: Fast Learning of Neural Implicit Surfaces for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 314
  3. 2021Neural Rays for Occlusion-aware Image-based Renderingcited by 192
  4. 2023GaussianAvatar: Towards Realistic Human Avatar Modeling from a Single Video via Animatable 3D Gaussianscited by 191
  5. 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
  6. 2023HumanRF: High-Fidelity Neural Radiance Fields for Humans in Motioncited by 161
  7. 2021H-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Rendering and Temporal Reconstruction of Humans in Motioncited by 157
  8. 2021Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Videocited by 150
  9. 2023State of the Art on Diffusion Models for Visual Computingcited by 127
  10. 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
  11. 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 117
  12. 2022Structured Local Radiance Fields for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 116
38 more
  1. 2021HumanNeRF: Efficiently Generated Human Radiance Field from Sparse Inputscited by 112
  2. 2022EVA3D: Compositional 3D Human Generation from 2D Image Collectionscited by 111
  3. 2021Neural Actor: Neural Free-view Synthesis of Human Actors with Pose Controlcited by 106
  4. 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Renderingcited by 104
  5. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
  6. 2023AvatarReX: Real-time Expressive Full-body Avatarscited by 84
  7. 2023Learning Neural Volumetric Representations of Dynamic Humans in Minutescited by 70
  8. 2023HiFi4G: High-Fidelity Human Performance Rendering via Compact Gaussian Splattingcited by 70
  9. 2022NeuralDome: A Neural Modeling Pipeline on Multi-View Human-Object Interactionscited by 68
  10. 2021Modeling Clothing as a Separate Layer for an Animatable Human Avatarcited by 66
  11. 2022Unsupervised Learning of Efficient Geometry-Aware Neural Articulated Representationscited by 65
  12. 2022Human Performance Modeling and Rendering via Neural Animated Meshcited by 64
  13. 2022Drivable Volumetric Avatars using Texel-Aligned Featurescited by 62
  14. 2022AvatarCLIP: Zero-Shot Text-Driven Generation and Animation of 3D Avatarscited by 55
  15. 2023MVHumanNet: A Large-scale Dataset of Multi-view Daily Dressing Human Capturescited by 54
  16. 2024PhysAvatar: Learning the Physics of Dressed 3D Avatars from Visual Observationscited by 51
  17. 2023PoseVocab: Learning Joint-structured Pose Embeddings for Human Avatar Modelingcited by 50
  18. 2022PINA: Learning a Personalized Implicit Neural Avatar from a Single RGB-D Video Sequencecited by 46
  19. 2022Predicting Loose-Fitting Garment Deformations Using Bone-Driven Motion Networkscited by 39
  20. 2022DANBO: Disentangled Articulated Neural Body Representations via Graph Neural Networkscited by 38
  21. 2023DELIFFAS: Deformable Light Fields for Fast Avatar Synthesiscited by 36
  22. 2024MeshAvatar: Learning High-quality Triangular Human Avatars from Multi-view Videoscited by 34
  23. 2021HVTR: Hybrid Volumetric-Textural Rendering for Human Avatarscited by 33
  24. 2022Animatable Implicit Neural Representations for Creating Realistic Avatars from Videoscited by 33
  25. 2023HOSNeRF: Dynamic Human-Object-Scene Neural Radiance Fields from a Single Videocited by 33
  26. 2023Human101: Training 100+FPS Human Gaussians in 100s from 1 Viewcited by 32
  27. 2025Vid2Avatar-Pro: Authentic Avatar from Videos in the Wild via Universal Priorcited by 31
  28. 2023SMPLitex: A Generative Model and Dataset for 3D Human Texture Estimation from Single Imagecited by 30
  29. 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videoscited by 30
  30. 2022Neural Novel Actor: Learning a Generalized Animatable Neural Representation for Human Actorscited by 28
  31. 2023TriHuman : A Real-time and Controllable Tri-plane Representation for Detailed Human Geometry and Appearance Synthesiscited by 28
  32. 2023Animatable and Relightable Gaussians for High-fidelity Human Avatar Modelingcited by 27
  33. 2022AvatarCap: Animatable Avatar Conditioned Monocular Human Volumetric Capturecited by 25
  34. 2024Morphable Diffusion: 3D-Consistent Diffusion for Single-image Avatar Creationcited by 23
  35. 2023Drivable Avatar Clothing: Faithful Full-Body Telepresence with Dynamic Clothing Driven by Sparse RGB-D Inputcited by 22
  36. 2024LayGA: Layered Gaussian Avatars for Animatable Clothing Transfercited by 22
  37. 2025Relightable Full-Body Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 22
  38. 2022Dressing Avatars: Deep Photorealistic Appearance for Physically Simulated Clothingcited by 19

50 most cited of 133 All 133 (JSON)