mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2402.15870 ↗First posted 24 Feb 2024cs.CVcited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

The recent advancements in 3D Gaussian splatting (3D-GS) have not only facilitated real-time rendering through modern GPU rasterization pipelines but have also attained state-of-the-art rendering quality. Nevertheless, despite its exceptional rendering quality and performance on standard datasets, 3D-GS frequently encounters difficulties in accurately modeling specular and anisotropic components. This issue stems from the limited ability of spherical harmonics (SH) to represent high-frequency information. To overcome this challenge, we introduce Spec-Gaussian, an approach that utilizes an anisotropic spherical Gaussian (ASG) appearance field instead of SH for modeling the view-dependent appearance of each 3D Gaussian. Additionally, we have developed a coarse-to-fine training strategy to improve learning efficiency and eliminate floaters caused by overfitting in real-world scenes. Our experimental results demonstrate that our method surpasses existing approaches in terms of rendering quality. Thanks to ASG, we have significantly improved the ability of 3D-GS to model scenes with specular and anisotropic components without increasing the number of 3D Gaussians. This improvement extends the applicability of 3D GS to handle intricate scenarios with specular and anisotropic surfaces. Project page is https://ingra14m.github.io/Spec-Gaussian-website/.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 58 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2024.

Builds on

58 of 81 references.

References · 58

  1. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  6. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,701
  7. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  8. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  9. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
  10. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  11. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  12. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
38 more
  1. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
  2. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
  3. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  4. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  5. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  6. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
  7. 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
  8. 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
  9. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  10. 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 493
  11. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
  12. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
  13. 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
  14. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  15. 2021Extracting Triangular 3D Models, Materials, and Lighting From Imagescited by 363
  16. 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
  17. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
  18. 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priorscited by 317
  19. 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
  20. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
  21. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  22. 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
  23. 2023GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Modelscited by 255
  24. 2023GaussianShader: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Shading Functions for Reflective Surfacescited by 249
  25. 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 238
  26. 2023LucidDreamer: Domain-free Generation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 228
  27. 2021NeX: Real-time View Synthesis with Neural Basis Expansioncited by 215
  28. 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
  29. 2023NeRO: Neural Geometry and BRDF Reconstruction of Reflective Objects from Multiview Imagescited by 163
  30. 2023Tri-MipRF: Tri-Mip Representation for Efficient Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 142
  31. 2023Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 126
  32. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  33. 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Renderingcited by 104
  34. 2022Voxurf: Voxel-based Efficient and Accurate Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 92
  35. 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
  36. 2023GIR: 3D Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Relightable Scene Factorizationcited by 86
  37. 2022BAD-NeRF: Bundle Adjusted Deblur Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 80
  38. 2023HiFi4G: High-Fidelity Human Performance Rendering via Compact Gaussian Splattingcited by 68

50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 26; 2025: 26; 2026: 21.

73 papers.

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  1. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
  2. 2024Revising Densification in Gaussian Splattingcited by 127
  3. 2024Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 117
  4. 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 111
  5. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  6. 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 36
  7. 2025Instant Gaussian Stream: Fast and Generalizable Streaming of Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 35
  8. 2024Splatter a Video: Video Gaussian Representation for Versatile Processingcited by 31
  9. 2024Ref-GS: Directional Factorization for 2D Gaussian Splattingcited by 27
  10. 2024GauStudio: A Modular Framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Beyondcited by 24
  11. 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflectionscited by 21
  12. 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 21
38 more
  1. 2024GaussianSR: 3D Gaussian Super-Resolution with 2D Diffusion Priorscited by 20
  2. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  3. 2024D-MiSo: Editing Dynamic 3D Scenes using Multi-Gaussians Soupcited by 18
  4. 2024LoopSparseGS: Loop Based Sparse-View Friendly Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
  5. 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
  6. 2024Deformable Radial Kernel Splattingcited by 17
  7. 2024SurFhead: Affine Rig Blending for Geometrically Accurate 2D Gaussian Surfel Head Avatarscited by 15
  8. 2025TSGS: Improving Gaussian Splatting for Transparent Surface Reconstruction via Normal and De-lighting Priorscited by 14
  9. 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  10. 2024DisC-GS: Discontinuity-aware Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
  11. 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  12. 20253D Gaussian Inverse Rendering with Approximated Global Illuminationcited by 9
  13. 2024Normal-GS: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Normal-Involved Renderingcited by 7
  14. 20242DGH: 2D Gaussian-Hermite Splatting for High-quality Rendering and Better Geometry Featurescited by 5
  15. 2025Content-Aware Texturing for Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
  16. 2024Towards Realistic Example-based Modeling via 3D Gaussian Stitchingcited by 3
  17. 2025Car-GS: Addressing Reflective and Transparent Surface Challenges in 3D Car Reconstructioncited by 3
  18. 2025ImViD: Immersive Volumetric Videos for Enhanced VR Engagementcited by 3
  19. 2025Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesiscited by 3
  20. 2025Micro-splatting: Multistage Isotropy-informed Covariance Regularization Optimization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
  21. 2025DET-GS: Depth- and Edge-Aware Regularization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  22. 2025GOGS: High-Fidelity Geometry and Relighting for Glossy Objects via Gaussian Surfelscited by 2
  23. 2026SpatialAnt: Autonomous Zero-Shot Robot Navigation via Active Scene Reconstruction and Visual Anticipationcited by 2
  24. 2026Depth Peeling for High-Fidelity Gaussian-Enhanced Surfel Renderingcited by 2
  25. 2024Enhancement of 3D Gaussian Splatting using Raw Mesh for Photorealistic Recreation of Architecturescited by 1
  26. 2024Subsurface Scattering for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  27. 2024PEP-GS: Perceptually-Enhanced Precise Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 1
  28. 2025Trick-GS: A Balanced Bag of Tricks for Efficient Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  29. 2025GSta: Efficient Training Scheme with Siestaed Gaussians for Monocular 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
  30. 2025RefRef: A Dataset and Benchmark for Reconstructing Refractive and Reflective Objectscited by 1
  31. 2025Refining Gaussian Splatting: A Volumetric Densification Approachcited by 1
  32. 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
  33. 2025HyRF: Hybrid Radiance Fields for Memory-efficient and High-quality Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
  34. 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  35. 2025Gradient-Driven Natural Selection for Compact 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  36. 2026ViewSplat: View-Adaptive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-Forward Synthesiscited by 1
  37. 2026GS^2: Graph-based Spatial Distribution Optimization for Compact 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
  38. 20263D Skew Gaussian Splatting with Any Camera Trajectory Visualization Enginecited by 1

50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)