Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recent advancements in 3D Gaussian splatting (3D-GS) have not only facilitated real-time rendering through modern GPU rasterization pipelines but have also attained state-of-the-art rendering quality. Nevertheless, despite its exceptional rendering quality and performance on standard datasets, 3D-GS frequently encounters difficulties in accurately modeling specular and anisotropic components. This issue stems from the limited ability of spherical harmonics (SH) to represent high-frequency information. To overcome this challenge, we introduce Spec-Gaussian, an approach that utilizes an anisotropic spherical Gaussian (ASG) appearance field instead of SH for modeling the view-dependent appearance of each 3D Gaussian. Additionally, we have developed a coarse-to-fine training strategy to improve learning efficiency and eliminate floaters caused by overfitting in real-world scenes. Our experimental results demonstrate that our method surpasses existing approaches in terms of rendering quality. Thanks to ASG, we have significantly improved the ability of 3D-GS to model scenes with specular and anisotropic components without increasing the number of 3D Gaussians. This improvement extends the applicability of 3D GS to handle intricate scenarios with specular and anisotropic surfaces. Project page is https://ingra14m.github.io/Spec-Gaussian-website/.
Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 58 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2024.
Builds on
58 of 81 references.
References · 58
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- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
- 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
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- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
- 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 667
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
- 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
- 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 493
- 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
- 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
- 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 464
- 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
- 2021Extracting Triangular 3D Models, Materials, and Lighting From Imagescited by 363
- 2023Spacetime Gaussian Feature Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 341
- 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
- 2023ReconFusion: 3D Reconstruction with Diffusion Priorscited by 317
- 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
- 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
- 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
- 2023LucidDreamer: Towards High-Fidelity Text-to-3D Generation via Interval Score Matchingcited by 290
- 2023GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Modelscited by 255
- 2023GaussianShader: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Shading Functions for Reflective Surfacescited by 249
- 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 238
- 2023LucidDreamer: Domain-free Generation of 3D Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 228
- 2021NeX: Real-time View Synthesis with Neural Basis Expansioncited by 215
- 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
- 2023NeRO: Neural Geometry and BRDF Reconstruction of Reflective Objects from Multiview Imagescited by 163
- 2023Tri-MipRF: Tri-Mip Representation for Efficient Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 142
- 2023Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 126
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2023ASH: Animatable Gaussian Splats for Efficient and Photoreal Human Renderingcited by 104
- 2022Voxurf: Voxel-based Efficient and Accurate Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 92
- 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
- 2023GIR: 3D Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Relightable Scene Factorizationcited by 86
- 2022BAD-NeRF: Bundle Adjusted Deblur Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 80
- 2023HiFi4G: High-Fidelity Human Performance Rendering via Compact Gaussian Splattingcited by 68
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 26; 2025: 26; 2026: 21.
73 papers.
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- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 2024Revising Densification in Gaussian Splattingcited by 127
- 2024Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 117
- 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 111
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 36
- 2025Instant Gaussian Stream: Fast and Generalizable Streaming of Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 35
- 2024Splatter a Video: Video Gaussian Representation for Versatile Processingcited by 31
- 2024Ref-GS: Directional Factorization for 2D Gaussian Splattingcited by 27
- 2024GauStudio: A Modular Framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Beyondcited by 24
- 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflectionscited by 21
- 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 21
38 more
- 2024GaussianSR: 3D Gaussian Super-Resolution with 2D Diffusion Priorscited by 20
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2024D-MiSo: Editing Dynamic 3D Scenes using Multi-Gaussians Soupcited by 18
- 2024LoopSparseGS: Loop Based Sparse-View Friendly Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
- 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospectscited by 17
- 2024Deformable Radial Kernel Splattingcited by 17
- 2024SurFhead: Affine Rig Blending for Geometrically Accurate 2D Gaussian Surfel Head Avatarscited by 15
- 2025TSGS: Improving Gaussian Splatting for Transparent Surface Reconstruction via Normal and De-lighting Priorscited by 14
- 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
- 2024DisC-GS: Discontinuity-aware Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 20253D Gaussian Inverse Rendering with Approximated Global Illuminationcited by 9
- 2024Normal-GS: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Normal-Involved Renderingcited by 7
- 20242DGH: 2D Gaussian-Hermite Splatting for High-quality Rendering and Better Geometry Featurescited by 5
- 2025Content-Aware Texturing for Gaussian Splattingcited by 5
- 2024Towards Realistic Example-based Modeling via 3D Gaussian Stitchingcited by 3
- 2025Car-GS: Addressing Reflective and Transparent Surface Challenges in 3D Car Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2025ImViD: Immersive Volumetric Videos for Enhanced VR Engagementcited by 3
- 2025Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesiscited by 3
- 2025Micro-splatting: Multistage Isotropy-informed Covariance Regularization Optimization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 3
- 2025DET-GS: Depth- and Edge-Aware Regularization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025GOGS: High-Fidelity Geometry and Relighting for Glossy Objects via Gaussian Surfelscited by 2
- 2026SpatialAnt: Autonomous Zero-Shot Robot Navigation via Active Scene Reconstruction and Visual Anticipationcited by 2
- 2026Depth Peeling for High-Fidelity Gaussian-Enhanced Surfel Renderingcited by 2
- 2024Enhancement of 3D Gaussian Splatting using Raw Mesh for Photorealistic Recreation of Architecturescited by 1
- 2024Subsurface Scattering for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2024PEP-GS: Perceptually-Enhanced Precise Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 1
- 2025Trick-GS: A Balanced Bag of Tricks for Efficient Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025GSta: Efficient Training Scheme with Siestaed Gaussians for Monocular 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2025RefRef: A Dataset and Benchmark for Reconstructing Refractive and Reflective Objectscited by 1
- 2025Refining Gaussian Splatting: A Volumetric Densification Approachcited by 1
- 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025HyRF: Hybrid Radiance Fields for Memory-efficient and High-quality Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025Gradient-Driven Natural Selection for Compact 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026ViewSplat: View-Adaptive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-Forward Synthesiscited by 1
- 2026GS^2: Graph-based Spatial Distribution Optimization for Compact 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 20263D Skew Gaussian Splatting with Any Camera Trajectory Visualization Enginecited by 1
50 most cited of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2026AESplat: Advancing Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Decoupled Appearance Modeling29 Sep 2026
- 2026Light Field Primitive for Novel View Synthesis25 Sep 2026
- 2026RGS: Reflection-aware Gaussian Splatting via Learning Geometry Continuity for Reflective Objects16 Sep 2026
- 2026PanoLess: Environment Reconstruction from Partial Reflective Views28 Jul 2026
- 2026GADA: Geometry-Aware Deformable Aggregation for Image-Based Gaussian Splatting1 Jul 2026
- 2026ACE-GS: Acing the Trade-off with Accurate, Compact and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Spherical Harmonics: Rethinking Appearance Models for Radiance Reconstruction8 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning View-Dependent Splatting Kernels25 May 2026
- 2026Depth Peeling for High-Fidelity Gaussian-Enhanced Surfel Rendering25 May 2026
- 20263D Skew Gaussian Splatting with Any Camera Trajectory Visualization Engine18 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026Instant Colorization of Gaussian Splats18 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Realizing Immersive Volumetric Video: A Multimodal Framework for 6-DoF VR Engagement10 Apr 2026
- 2026GS^2: Graph-based Spatial Distribution Optimization for Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting2 Apr 2026
- 2026SpatialAnt: Autonomous Zero-Shot Robot Navigation via Active Scene Reconstruction and Visual Anticipation27 Mar 2026
- 2026ViewSplat: View-Adaptive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-Forward Synthesis26 Mar 2026
- 2026Confidence-Based Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussians25 Mar 2026
- 2026Ref-DGS: Reflective Dual Gaussian Splatting8 Mar 2026
- 2026SSR-GS: Separating Specular Reflection in Gaussian Splatting for Glossy Surface Reconstruction5 Mar 2026
- 2026Augmented Radiance Field: A General Framework for Enhanced Gaussian Splatting23 Feb 2026
- 2026Nighttime Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstruction with Physically-Based Gaussian Splatting14 Feb 2026
- 2025ShinyNeRF: Digitizing Anisotropic Appearance in Neural Radiance Fields25 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond a Single Light: A Large-Scale Aerial Dataset for Urban Scene Reconstruction Under Varying Illumination16 Dec 2025
- 2025From Particles to Fields: Reframing Photon Mapping with Continuous Gaussian Photon Fields13 Dec 2025
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracing10 Dec 2025
- 2025Content-Aware Texturing for Gaussian Splatting2 Dec 2025
- 2025Gradient-Driven Natural Selection for Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Nov 2025
- 2025TR-Gaussians: High-fidelity Real-time Rendering of Planar Transmission and Reflection with 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Nov 2025
- 2025HyRF: Hybrid Radiance Fields for Memory-efficient and High-quality Novel View Synthesis21 Sep 2025
- 2025Effective Gaussian Management for High-fidelity Scene Reconstruction16 Sep 2025
- 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesis9 Sep 2025
- 2025GOGS: High-Fidelity Geometry and Relighting for Glossy Objects via Gaussian Surfels20 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Refining Gaussian Splatting: A Volumetric Densification Approach7 Aug 2025
- 2025DET-GS: Depth- and Edge-Aware Regularization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splatting6 Aug 2025
- 2025The Architecture of Trust: A Framework for AI-Augmented Real Estate Valuation in the Era of Structured Data4 Aug 2025
- 2025RefRef: A Dataset and Benchmark for Reconstructing Refractive and Reflective Objects9 May 2025
- 2025Metamon-GS: Enhancing Representability with Variance-Guided Densification and Light Encoding20 Apr 2025
- 2025TSGS: Improving Gaussian Splatting for Transparent Surface Reconstruction via Normal and De-lighting Priors17 Apr 2025
- 2025GSta: Efficient Training Scheme with Siestaed Gaussians for Monocular 3D Scene Reconstruction9 Apr 2025
- 2025Micro-splatting: Multistage Isotropy-informed Covariance Regularization Optimization for High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Apr 2025
- 2025Diffusion-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis2 Apr 2025
- 20253D Gaussian Inverse Rendering with Approximated Global Illumination2 Apr 2025
- 2025Instant Gaussian Stream: Fast and Generalizable Streaming of Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2025
- 2025ImViD: Immersive Volumetric Videos for Enhanced VR Engagement18 Mar 2025
- 2025Trick-GS: A Balanced Bag of Tricks for Efficient Gaussian Splatting24 Jan 2025
- 2025Car-GS: Addressing Reflective and Transparent Surface Challenges in 3D Car Reconstruction19 Jan 2025
- 2024HyperGS: Hyperspectral 3D Gaussian Splatting17 Dec 2024
- 2024Deformable Radial Kernel Splatting16 Dec 2024
- 2024Advancing Extended Reality with 3D Gaussian Splatting: Innovations and Prospects9 Dec 2024
50 newest of 73 All 73 (JSON)
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 130
- 2024Revising Densification in Gaussian Splattingcited by 127
- 2024Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 117
- 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 111
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 36
- 2025Instant Gaussian Stream: Fast and Generalizable Streaming of Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 35
- 2024Splatter a Video: Video Gaussian Representation for Versatile Processingcited by 31
- 2024Ref-GS: Directional Factorization for 2D Gaussian Splattingcited by 27
- 2024GauStudio: A Modular Framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Beyondcited by 24
- 2024MirrorGaussian: Reflecting 3D Gaussians for Reconstructing Mirror Reflectionscited by 21
- 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 21
12 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026AESplat: Advancing Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Decoupled Appearance Modeling29 Sep 2026
- 2026Light Field Primitive for Novel View Synthesis25 Sep 2026
- 2026RGS: Reflection-aware Gaussian Splatting via Learning Geometry Continuity for Reflective Objects16 Sep 2026
- 2026PanoLess: Environment Reconstruction from Partial Reflective Views28 Jul 2026
- 2026GADA: Geometry-Aware Deformable Aggregation for Image-Based Gaussian Splatting1 Jul 2026
- 2026ACE-GS: Acing the Trade-off with Accurate, Compact and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Spherical Harmonics: Rethinking Appearance Models for Radiance Reconstruction8 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning View-Dependent Splatting Kernels25 May 2026
- 2026Depth Peeling for High-Fidelity Gaussian-Enhanced Surfel Rendering25 May 2026
- 20263D Skew Gaussian Splatting with Any Camera Trajectory Visualization Engine18 May 2026
- 2026Disambiguating 2D-3D Correspondences in Gaussian Splatting-based Feature Fields for Visual Localization8 May 2026
- 2026Instant Colorization of Gaussian Splats18 Apr 2026
12 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)