mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fields

arXiv 2312.03203 ↗First posted 6 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 364

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D scene representations have gained immense popularity in recent years. Methods that use Neural Radiance fields are versatile for traditional tasks such as novel view synthesis. In recent times, some work has emerged that aims to extend the functionality of NeRF beyond view synthesis, for semantically aware tasks such as editing and segmentation using 3D feature field distillation from 2D foundation models. However, these methods have two major limitations: (a) they are limited by the rendering speed of NeRF pipelines, and (b) implicitly represented feature fields suffer from continuity artifacts reducing feature quality. Recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting has shown state-of-the-art performance on real-time radiance field rendering. In this work, we go one step further: in addition to radiance field rendering, we enable 3D Gaussian splatting on arbitrary-dimension semantic features via 2D foundation model distillation. This translation is not straightforward: naively incorporating feature fields in the 3DGS framework encounters significant challenges, notably the disparities in spatial resolution and channel consistency between RGB images and feature maps. We propose architectural and training changes to efficiently avert this problem. Our proposed method is general, and our experiments showcase novel view semantic segmentation, language-guided editing and segment anything through learning feature fields from state-of-the-art 2D foundation models such as SAM and CLIP-LSeg. Across experiments, our distillation method is able to provide comparable or better results, while being significantly faster to both train and render. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first method to enable point and bounding-box prompting for radiance field manipulation, by leveraging the SAM model. Project website at: https://feature-3dgs.github.io/

Key facts. Cited by 364 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2023.

Builds on

47 of 57 references.

References · 47

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  3. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  4. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
  5. 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,403
  6. 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,968
  7. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  8. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  9. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,689
  10. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
  11. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
  12. 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,803
35 more
  1. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  2. 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,584
  3. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
  4. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
  5. 2016Semantic Understanding of Scenes through the ADE20K Datasetcited by 1,069
  6. 2020Convolutional Occupancy Networkscited by 761
  7. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 746
  8. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 740
  9. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 724
  10. 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 703
  11. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  12. 2023Zip-NeRF: Anti-Aliased Grid-Based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 671
  13. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 543
  14. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  15. 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 415
  16. 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 371
  17. 2019Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 245
  18. 2022Neural Feature Fusion Fields: 3D Distillation of Self-Supervised 2D Image Representationscited by 196
  19. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 190
  20. 2022Panoptic Lifting for 3D Scene Understanding with Neural Fieldscited by 174
  21. 2022CLIP-Fields: Weakly Supervised Semantic Fields for Robotic Memorycited by 165
  22. 2019FSS-1000: A 1000-Class Dataset for Few-Shot Segmentationcited by 160
  23. 2023Weakly Supervised 3D Open-vocabulary Segmentationcited by 135
  24. 2023Distilled Feature Fields Enable Few-Shot Language-Guided Manipulationcited by 130
  25. 2020Context-aware Feature Generation for Zero-shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 94
  26. 2021Decomposing 3D Scenes into Objects via Unsupervised Volume Segmentationcited by 88
  27. 2022NeRF-SOS: Any-View Self-supervised Object Segmentation on Complex Scenescited by 71
  28. 2022Neural Volumetric Object Selectioncited by 61
  29. 2022Interactive Segmentation of Radiance Fieldscited by 60
  30. 2023FeatureNeRF: Learning Generalizable NeRFs by Distilling Foundation Modelscited by 47
  31. 2022Feature-Realistic Neural Fusion for Real-Time, Open Set Scene Understandingcited by 37
  32. 2023VL-Fields: Towards Language-Grounded Neural Implicit Spatial Representationscited by 23
  33. 2022ALTO: Alternating Latent Topologies for Implicit 3D Reconstructioncited by 21
  34. 2023Canonical Factors for Hybrid Neural Fieldscited by 8
  35. 2023NU-MCC: Multiview Compressive Coding with Neighborhood Decoder and Repulsive UDFcited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 91; 2025: 148; 2026: 125.

364 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
  2. 2025VLM-3R: Vision-Language Models Augmented with Instruction-Aligned 3D Reconstructioncited by 166
  3. 2024OpenGaussian: Towards Point-Level 3D Gaussian-based Open Vocabulary Understandingcited by 145
  4. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
  5. 2024ManiGaussian: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Multi-task Robotic Manipulationcited by 108
  6. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
  7. 2025PARTFIELD: Learning 3D Feature Fields for Part Segmentation and Beyondcited by 95
  8. 2024DGE: Direct Gaussian 3D Editing by Consistent Multi-view Editingcited by 94
  9. 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understandingcited by 86
  10. 2024Semantic Gaussians: Open-Vocabulary Scene Understanding with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 82
  11. 2024DreamScene360: Unconstrained Text-to-3D Scene Generation with Panoramic Gaussian Splattingcited by 82
  12. 2024StyleGaussian: Instant 3D Style Transfer with Gaussian Splattingcited by 79
38 more
  1. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
  2. 2024Large Spatial Model: End-to-end Unposed Images to Semantic 3Dcited by 73
  3. 2024Improving 2D Feature Representations by 3D-Aware Fine-Tuningcited by 71
  4. 2024MotionGS: Exploring Explicit Motion Guidance for Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 63
  5. 2024CG-SLAM: Efficient Dense RGB-D SLAM in a Consistent Uncertainty-aware 3D Gaussian Fieldcited by 61
  6. 2024Click-Gaussian: Interactive Segmentation to Any 3D Gaussianscited by 58
  7. 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
  8. 20244K4DGen: Panoramic 4D Generation at 4K Resolutioncited by 54
  9. 2025Open-Vocabulary Functional 3D Scene Graphs for Real-World Indoor Spacescited by 54
  10. 2024GOI: Find 3D Gaussians of Interest with an Optimizable Open-vocabulary Semantic-space Hyperplanecited by 53
  11. 2025SceneSplat: Gaussian Splatting-based Scene Understanding with Vision-Language Pretrainingcited by 52
  12. 2025Dr. Splat: Directly Referring 3D Gaussian Splatting via Direct Language Embedding Registrationcited by 51
  13. 2024Texture-GS: Disentangling the Geometry and Texture for 3D Gaussian Splatting Editingcited by 47
  14. 2024EgoLifter: Open-world 3D Segmentation for Egocentric Perceptioncited by 47
  15. 2024MEGA: Memory-Efficient 4D Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scenescited by 47
  16. 2024GaussTR: Foundation Model-Aligned Gaussian Transformer for Self-Supervised 3D Spatial Understandingcited by 46
  17. 2025VLM4D: Towards Spatiotemporal Awareness in Vision Language Modelscited by 46
  18. 2024Feature Splatting: Language-Driven Physics-Based Scene Synthesis and Editingcited by 45
  19. 2024SemGauss-SLAM: Dense Semantic Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 42
  20. 2024SelfSplat: Pose-Free and 3D Prior-Free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 42
  21. 2024Gaga: Group Any Gaussians via 3D-aware Memory Bankcited by 41
  22. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 41
  23. 2024GraspSplats: Efficient Manipulation with 3D Feature Splattingcited by 41
  24. 2025LangSplatV2: High-dimensional 3D Language Gaussian Splatting with 450+ FPScited by 41
  25. 2024Splat-MOVER: Multi-Stage, Open-Vocabulary Robotic Manipulation via Editable Gaussian Splattingcited by 38
  26. 2025Deformable Beta Splattingcited by 38
  27. 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 37
  28. 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
  29. 20254D LangSplat: 4D Language Gaussian Splatting via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 35
  30. 2024N2F2: Hierarchical Scene Understanding with Nested Neural Feature Fieldscited by 34
  31. 2024SuperGSeg: Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentation with Structured Super-Gaussianscited by 33
  32. 2024Beyond Bare Queries: Open-Vocabulary Object Grounding with 3D Scene Graphcited by 32
  33. 2024Find Any Part in 3Dcited by 32
  34. 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
  35. 2024SAGD: Boundary-Enhanced Segment Anything in 3D Gaussian via Gaussian Decompositioncited by 30
  36. 2024GStex: Per-Primitive Texturing of 2D Gaussian Splatting for Decoupled Appearance and Geometry Modelingcited by 30
  37. 2025IGGT: Instance-Grounded Geometry Transformer for Semantic 3D Reconstructioncited by 28
  38. 2024Feat2GS: Probing Visual Foundation Models with Gaussian Splattingcited by 27

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