mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SceneSplat: Gaussian Splatting-based Scene Understanding with Vision-Language Pretraining

arXiv 2503.18052 ↗First posted 23 Mar 2025cs.CVcited by 51

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Embodied and 3D vision-language models

Abstract (arXiv)

Recognizing arbitrary or previously unseen categories is essential for comprehensive real-world 3D scene understanding. Currently, all existing methods rely on 2D or textual modalities during training or together at inference. This highlights the clear absence of a model capable of processing 3D data alone for learning semantics end-to-end, along with the necessary data to train such a model. Meanwhile, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as the de facto standard for 3D scene representation across various vision tasks. However, effectively integrating semantic reasoning into 3DGS in a generalizable manner remains an open challenge. To address these limitations, we introduce SceneSplat, to our knowledge the first large-scale 3D indoor scene understanding approach that operates natively on 3DGS. Furthermore, we propose a self-supervised learning scheme that unlocks rich 3D feature learning from unlabeled scenes. To power the proposed methods, we introduce SceneSplat-7K, the first large-scale 3DGS dataset for indoor scenes, comprising 7916 scenes derived from seven established datasets, such as ScanNet and Matterport3D. Generating SceneSplat-7K required computational resources equivalent to 150 GPU days on an L4 GPU, enabling standardized benchmarking for 3DGS-based reasoning for indoor scenes. Our exhaustive experiments on SceneSplat-7K demonstrate the significant benefit of the proposed method over the established baselines.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and 3D vision-language models, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 61 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2025.

Builds on

61 of 74 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2021PointCLIP: Point Cloud Understanding by CLIP4 Dec

Other references · 60

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  3. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  4. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  5. 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
  6. 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
  7. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  8. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  9. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
  10. 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
  11. 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
  12. 2020Exploring Simple Siamese Representation Learningcited by 2,853
38 more
  1. 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,784
  2. 2020Point Transformercited by 1,462
  3. 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
  4. 2022DINO: DETR with Improved DeNoising Anchor Boxes for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 1,306
  5. 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modelingcited by 1,147
  6. 2025SigLIP 2: Multilingual Vision-Language Encoders with Improved Semantic Understanding, Localization, and Dense Featurescited by 1,127
  7. 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
  8. 2018PointCNN: Convolution On X-Transformed Pointscited by 764
  9. 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 747
  10. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  11. 2020Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 593
  12. 2023Point Transformer V3: Simpler, Faster, Strongercited by 579
  13. 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
  14. 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
  15. 2022Masked Autoencoders for Point Cloud Self-supervised Learningcited by 456
  16. 2021ARKitScenes: A Diverse Real-World Dataset For 3D Indoor Scene Understanding Using Mobile RGB-D Datacited by 442
  17. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  18. 2022Point Transformer V2: Grouped Vector Attention and Partition-based Poolingcited by 384
  19. 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
  20. 2019Structured3D: A Large Photo-realistic Dataset for Structured 3D Modelingcited by 285
  21. 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
  22. 2022Point-M2AE: Multi-scale Masked Autoencoders for Hierarchical Point Cloud Pre-trainingcited by 263
  23. 2022Language-Grounded Indoor 3D Semantic Segmentation in the Wildcited by 243
  24. 2023Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Open-Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 205
  25. 2024Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Language-Grounded Robot Navigationcited by 195
  26. 2019RIO: 3D Object Instance Re-Localization in Changing Indoor Environmentscited by 187
  27. 2022PointCLIP V2: Prompting CLIP and GPT for Powerful 3D Open-world Learningcited by 186
  28. 2022PLA: Language-Driven Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 176
  29. 2024PointMamba: A Simple State Space Model for Point Cloud Analysiscited by 166
  30. 2023Contrast with Reconstruct: Contrastive 3D Representation Learning Guided by Generative Pretrainingcited by 162
  31. 2023Osprey: Pixel Understanding with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 158
  32. 2024SceneVerse: Scaling 3D Vision-Language Learning for Grounded Scene Understandingcited by 130
  33. 2023Swin3D: A Pretrained Transformer Backbone for 3D Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 111
  34. 2024RaDe-GS: Rasterizing Depth in Gaussian Splattingcited by 110
  35. 2023RegionPLC: Regional Point-Language Contrastive Learning for Open-World 3D Scene Understandingcited by 93
  36. 2023Language Embedded Radiance Fields for Zero-Shot Task-Oriented Graspingcited by 91
  37. 2024Semantic Gaussians: Open-Vocabulary Scene Understanding with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 81
  38. 2024GaussianGrasper: 3D Language Gaussian Splatting for Open-vocabulary Robotic Graspingcited by 77

50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 17; 2026: 34.

51 papers.

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  1. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  2. 2025SceneSplat++: A Large Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmark for Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
  3. 2025GaussianVLM: Scene-centric 3D Vision-Language Models using Language-aligned Gaussian Splats for Embodied Reasoning and Beyondcited by 12
  4. 2025Training-Free Hierarchical Scene Understanding for Gaussian Splatting with Superpoint Graphscited by 10
  5. 2026SimRecon: SimReady Compositional Scene Reconstruction from Real Videoscited by 9
  6. 2025AIM 2025 challenge on Inverse Tone Mapping Report: Methods and Resultscited by 8
  7. 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encodingcited by 8
  8. 2026FlowHOI: Flow-based Semantics-Grounded Generation of Hand-Object Interactions for Dexterous Robot Manipulationcited by 6
  9. 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrievalcited by 5
  10. 2026OVI-MAP:Open-Vocabulary Instance-Semantic Mappingcited by 4
  11. 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
  12. 2026TTT-Parkour: Rapid Test-Time Training for Perceptive Robot Parkourcited by 3
38 more
  1. 2025Masked Clustering Prediction for Unsupervised Point Cloud Pre-trainingcited by 2
  2. 2025Learning Unified Representation of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
  3. 2025UniGS: Unified Geometry-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Multimodal Renderingcited by 2
  4. 2025StereoSpace: Depth-Free Synthesis of Stereo Geometry via End-to-End Diffusion in a Canonical Spacecited by 2
  5. 2025Fast 2DGS: Efficient Image Representation with Deep Gaussian Priorcited by 2
  6. 2026The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Modelscited by 2
  7. 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained viewscited by 2
  8. 2026Planning with the Viewscited by 2
  9. 2026T-FunS3D: Task-Driven Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Functionality Segmentationcited by 2
  10. 2026GaussFusion: Towards Multimodal 3D Gaussian Pretrainingcited by 2
  11. 2025ExGS: Extreme 3D Gaussian Compression with Diffusion Priorscited by 1
  12. 2026OnlineX: Unified Online 3D Reconstruction and Understanding with Active-to-Stable State Evolutioncited by 1
  13. 2026LESV: Language Embedded Sparse Voxel Fusion for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 1
  14. 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agentscited by 1
  15. 2026Fake3DGS: A Benchmark for 3D Manipulation Detection in Neural Renderingcited by 1
  16. 2026MAC-Splat: Multi-Attribute Consistency for High-Fidelity Sparse-View Reconstructioncited by 1
  17. 2026Gaussian-JEPA: Joint-Embedding Predictive Learning for 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 1
  18. 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
  19. 2025InStyle: Instant Appearance Stylization of 3D Shapescited by 0
  20. 2025ASAP-Textured Gaussians: Enhancing Textured Gaussians with Adaptive Sampling and Anisotropic Parameterizationcited by 0
  21. 2026G2P: Gaussian-to-Point Attribute Alignment for Boundary-Aware 3D Segmentationcited by 0
  22. 2026SceneTeract: Probing and Improving Agent-Aware Activity Reasoning in 3D Indoor Scenescited by 0
  23. 2026ReFlow: Self-correction Motion Learning for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 0
  24. 2026RGB-Pointmap Pretraining for Unified 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
  25. 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitivescited by 0
  26. 2026Characterizing Detectability in 3DGS Poisoning: A Stage-wise Benchmarkcited by 0
  27. 2026Rectifying Mask via Entropy for Distractor-Free 3DGS in Ambiguous Scenarioscited by 0
  28. 2026Open-Vocabulary and Referring Segmentation for 3D Gaussians Using 2D Detectorscited by 0
  29. 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embeddingcited by 0
  30. 2026MonoVoc: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Lightweight Monocular Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussianscited by 0
  31. 2026Beyond Similarity Matching: Structured Reasoning for Open-Vocabulary Referring Segmentation in 3DGScited by 0
  32. 2026GroupForward: Building Referable 3D Scenes via Instance-Grouped Feed-Forward Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
  33. 2026Rethinking 3D Noise: Learning 3D-Aware Video Priors via Optimization-Free Morphological Perturbationscited by 0
  34. 2026An overview of 3D Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  35. 2026GoDeep: Annotation-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding via Language-Space Liftingcited by 0
  36. 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussianscited by 0
  37. 2026Partition-Invariant Tuning for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
  38. 2026GraphWrit3R: End-to-End 3D Scene Graph Writingcited by 0

50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)

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  1. 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splatting
  2. 2025GaussianGraph: 3D Gaussian-based Scene Graph Generation for Open-world Scene Understanding
  3. 2026ZeroSplat: Generalized Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
  4. 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splatting
  5. 2026SceneBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Vision-Language Understanding of 3D Scenes
  6. 2025ExtrinSplat: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Open-Vocabulary Understanding in 3D Gaussian Splatting
  7. 2024GOI: Find 3D Gaussians of Interest with an Optimizable Open-vocabulary Semantic-space Hyperplane
  8. 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understanding