SceneSplat: Gaussian Splatting-based Scene Understanding with Vision-Language Pretraining
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Embodied and 3D vision-language models
Abstract (arXiv)
Recognizing arbitrary or previously unseen categories is essential for comprehensive real-world 3D scene understanding. Currently, all existing methods rely on 2D or textual modalities during training or together at inference. This highlights the clear absence of a model capable of processing 3D data alone for learning semantics end-to-end, along with the necessary data to train such a model. Meanwhile, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as the de facto standard for 3D scene representation across various vision tasks. However, effectively integrating semantic reasoning into 3DGS in a generalizable manner remains an open challenge. To address these limitations, we introduce SceneSplat, to our knowledge the first large-scale 3D indoor scene understanding approach that operates natively on 3DGS. Furthermore, we propose a self-supervised learning scheme that unlocks rich 3D feature learning from unlabeled scenes. To power the proposed methods, we introduce SceneSplat-7K, the first large-scale 3DGS dataset for indoor scenes, comprising 7916 scenes derived from seven established datasets, such as ScanNet and Matterport3D. Generating SceneSplat-7K required computational resources equivalent to 150 GPU days on an L4 GPU, enabling standardized benchmarking for 3DGS-based reasoning for indoor scenes. Our exhaustive experiments on SceneSplat-7K demonstrate the significant benefit of the proposed method over the established baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and 3D vision-language models, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 61 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2025.
Builds on
61 of 74 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 60
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
- 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2023Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Trainingcited by 3,048
- 2020Exploring Simple Siamese Representation Learningcited by 2,853
38 more
- 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,784
- 2020Point Transformercited by 1,462
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2022DINO: DETR with Improved DeNoising Anchor Boxes for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 1,306
- 2021SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modelingcited by 1,147
- 2025SigLIP 2: Multilingual Vision-Language Encoders with Improved Semantic Understanding, Localization, and Dense Featurescited by 1,127
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 885
- 2018PointCNN: Convolution On X-Transformed Pointscited by 764
- 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 747
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2020Hypersim: A Photorealistic Synthetic Dataset for Holistic Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 593
- 2023Point Transformer V3: Simpler, Faster, Strongercited by 579
- 2022OpenScene: 3D Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 556
- 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
- 2022Masked Autoencoders for Point Cloud Self-supervised Learningcited by 456
- 2021ARKitScenes: A Diverse Real-World Dataset For 3D Indoor Scene Understanding Using Mobile RGB-D Datacited by 442
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
- 2022Point Transformer V2: Grouped Vector Attention and Partition-based Poolingcited by 384
- 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
- 2019Structured3D: A Large Photo-realistic Dataset for Structured 3D Modelingcited by 285
- 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
- 2022Point-M2AE: Multi-scale Masked Autoencoders for Hierarchical Point Cloud Pre-trainingcited by 263
- 2022Language-Grounded Indoor 3D Semantic Segmentation in the Wildcited by 243
- 2023Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Open-Vocabulary Scene Understandingcited by 205
- 2024Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Graphs for Language-Grounded Robot Navigationcited by 195
- 2019RIO: 3D Object Instance Re-Localization in Changing Indoor Environmentscited by 187
- 2022PointCLIP V2: Prompting CLIP and GPT for Powerful 3D Open-world Learningcited by 186
- 2022PLA: Language-Driven Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 176
- 2024PointMamba: A Simple State Space Model for Point Cloud Analysiscited by 166
- 2023Contrast with Reconstruct: Contrastive 3D Representation Learning Guided by Generative Pretrainingcited by 162
- 2023Osprey: Pixel Understanding with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 158
- 2024SceneVerse: Scaling 3D Vision-Language Learning for Grounded Scene Understandingcited by 130
- 2023Swin3D: A Pretrained Transformer Backbone for 3D Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 111
- 2024RaDe-GS: Rasterizing Depth in Gaussian Splattingcited by 110
- 2023RegionPLC: Regional Point-Language Contrastive Learning for Open-World 3D Scene Understandingcited by 93
- 2023Language Embedded Radiance Fields for Zero-Shot Task-Oriented Graspingcited by 91
- 2024Semantic Gaussians: Open-Vocabulary Scene Understanding with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 81
- 2024GaussianGrasper: 3D Language Gaussian Splatting for Open-vocabulary Robotic Graspingcited by 77
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 17; 2026: 34.
51 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025SceneSplat++: A Large Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmark for Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2025GaussianVLM: Scene-centric 3D Vision-Language Models using Language-aligned Gaussian Splats for Embodied Reasoning and Beyondcited by 12
- 2025Training-Free Hierarchical Scene Understanding for Gaussian Splatting with Superpoint Graphscited by 10
- 2026SimRecon: SimReady Compositional Scene Reconstruction from Real Videoscited by 9
- 2025AIM 2025 challenge on Inverse Tone Mapping Report: Methods and Resultscited by 8
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encodingcited by 8
- 2026FlowHOI: Flow-based Semantics-Grounded Generation of Hand-Object Interactions for Dexterous Robot Manipulationcited by 6
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrievalcited by 5
- 2026OVI-MAP:Open-Vocabulary Instance-Semantic Mappingcited by 4
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
- 2026TTT-Parkour: Rapid Test-Time Training for Perceptive Robot Parkourcited by 3
38 more
- 2025Masked Clustering Prediction for Unsupervised Point Cloud Pre-trainingcited by 2
- 2025Learning Unified Representation of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025UniGS: Unified Geometry-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Multimodal Renderingcited by 2
- 2025StereoSpace: Depth-Free Synthesis of Stereo Geometry via End-to-End Diffusion in a Canonical Spacecited by 2
- 2025Fast 2DGS: Efficient Image Representation with Deep Gaussian Priorcited by 2
- 2026The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained viewscited by 2
- 2026Planning with the Viewscited by 2
- 2026T-FunS3D: Task-Driven Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Functionality Segmentationcited by 2
- 2026GaussFusion: Towards Multimodal 3D Gaussian Pretrainingcited by 2
- 2025ExGS: Extreme 3D Gaussian Compression with Diffusion Priorscited by 1
- 2026OnlineX: Unified Online 3D Reconstruction and Understanding with Active-to-Stable State Evolutioncited by 1
- 2026LESV: Language Embedded Sparse Voxel Fusion for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understandingcited by 1
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agentscited by 1
- 2026Fake3DGS: A Benchmark for 3D Manipulation Detection in Neural Renderingcited by 1
- 2026MAC-Splat: Multi-Attribute Consistency for High-Fidelity Sparse-View Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Gaussian-JEPA: Joint-Embedding Predictive Learning for 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 1
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2025InStyle: Instant Appearance Stylization of 3D Shapescited by 0
- 2025ASAP-Textured Gaussians: Enhancing Textured Gaussians with Adaptive Sampling and Anisotropic Parameterizationcited by 0
- 2026G2P: Gaussian-to-Point Attribute Alignment for Boundary-Aware 3D Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026SceneTeract: Probing and Improving Agent-Aware Activity Reasoning in 3D Indoor Scenescited by 0
- 2026ReFlow: Self-correction Motion Learning for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026RGB-Pointmap Pretraining for Unified 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitivescited by 0
- 2026Characterizing Detectability in 3DGS Poisoning: A Stage-wise Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026Rectifying Mask via Entropy for Distractor-Free 3DGS in Ambiguous Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026Open-Vocabulary and Referring Segmentation for 3D Gaussians Using 2D Detectorscited by 0
- 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embeddingcited by 0
- 2026MonoVoc: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Lightweight Monocular Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussianscited by 0
- 2026Beyond Similarity Matching: Structured Reasoning for Open-Vocabulary Referring Segmentation in 3DGScited by 0
- 2026GroupForward: Building Referable 3D Scenes via Instance-Grouped Feed-Forward Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking 3D Noise: Learning 3D-Aware Video Priors via Optimization-Free Morphological Perturbationscited by 0
- 2026An overview of 3D Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026GoDeep: Annotation-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding via Language-Space Liftingcited by 0
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussianscited by 0
- 2026Partition-Invariant Tuning for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2026GraphWrit3R: End-to-End 3D Scene Graph Writingcited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026StereoGaussians: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Stereo Images29 Sep 2026
- 2026GraphWrit3R: End-to-End 3D Scene Graph Writing25 Sep 2026
- 2026Partition-Invariant Tuning for 3D Scene Understanding11 Sep 2026
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussians10 Sep 2026
- 2026GoDeep: Annotation-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding via Language-Space Lifting8 Sep 2026
- 2026An overview of 3D Vision-Language Models4 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking 3D Noise: Learning 3D-Aware Video Priors via Optimization-Free Morphological Perturbations3 Sep 2026
- 2026GroupForward: Building Referable 3D Scenes via Instance-Grouped Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting18 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Similarity Matching: Structured Reasoning for Open-Vocabulary Referring Segmentation in 3DGS17 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaussian-JEPA: Joint-Embedding Predictive Learning for 3D Gaussian Splats16 Aug 2026
- 2026MonoVoc: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Lightweight Monocular Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussians30 Jul 2026
- 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embedding17 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026MAC-Splat: Multi-Attribute Consistency for High-Fidelity Sparse-View Reconstruction12 Jul 2026
- 2026GaussFusion: Towards Multimodal 3D Gaussian Pretraining7 Jul 2026
- 2026Open-Vocabulary and Referring Segmentation for 3D Gaussians Using 2D Detectors29 Jun 2026
- 2026Rectifying Mask via Entropy for Distractor-Free 3DGS in Ambiguous Scenarios28 Jun 2026
- 2026T-FunS3D: Task-Driven Hierarchical Open-Vocabulary 3D Functionality Segmentation4 Jun 2026
- 2026Characterizing Detectability in 3DGS Poisoning: A Stage-wise Benchmark2 Jun 2026
- 2026Planning with the Views28 May 2026
- 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitives19 May 2026
- 2026Fake3DGS: A Benchmark for 3D Manipulation Detection in Neural Rendering30 Apr 2026
- 2026FF3R: Feedforward Feature 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained views10 Apr 2026
- 2026Visually-grounded Humanoid Agents9 Apr 2026
- 2026RGB-Pointmap Pretraining for Unified 3D Scene Understanding2 Apr 2026
- 2026ReFlow: Self-correction Motion Learning for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction2 Apr 2026
- 2026LESV: Language Embedded Sparse Voxel Fusion for Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding1 Apr 2026
- 2026SceneTeract: Probing and Improving Agent-Aware Activity Reasoning in 3D Indoor Scenes31 Mar 2026
- 2026OVI-MAP:Open-Vocabulary Instance-Semantic Mapping27 Mar 2026
- 2026OnlineX: Unified Online 3D Reconstruction and Understanding with Active-to-Stable State Evolution2 Mar 2026
- 2026SimRecon: SimReady Compositional Scene Reconstruction from Real Videos2 Mar 2026
- 2026FlowHOI: Flow-based Semantics-Grounded Generation of Hand-Object Interactions for Dexterous Robot Manipulation13 Feb 2026
- 2026TTT-Parkour: Rapid Test-Time Training for Perceptive Robot Parkour2 Feb 2026
- 2026The Semantic Lifecycle in Embodied AI: Acquisition, Representation and Storage via Foundation Models12 Jan 2026
- 2026G2P: Gaussian-to-Point Attribute Alignment for Boundary-Aware 3D Segmentation7 Jan 2026
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encoding19 Dec 2025
- 2025ASAP-Textured Gaussians: Enhancing Textured Gaussians with Adaptive Sampling and Anisotropic Parameterization16 Dec 2025
- 2025Fast 2DGS: Efficient Image Representation with Deep Gaussian Prior14 Dec 2025
- 2025StereoSpace: Depth-Free Synthesis of Stereo Geometry via End-to-End Diffusion in a Canonical Space11 Dec 2025
- 2025InStyle: Instant Appearance Stylization of 3D Shapes3 Dec 2025
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understanding20 Nov 2025
- 2025UniGS: Unified Geometry-Aware Gaussian Splatting for Multimodal Rendering14 Oct 2025
- 2025ExGS: Extreme 3D Gaussian Compression with Diffusion Priors29 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning Unified Representation of 3D Gaussian Splatting26 Sep 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrieval19 Sep 2025
- 2025AIM 2025 challenge on Inverse Tone Mapping Report: Methods and Results19 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Masked Clustering Prediction for Unsupervised Point Cloud Pre-training12 Aug 2025
- 2025A Study of the Framework and Real-World Applications of Language Embedding for 3D Scene Understanding7 Aug 2025
- 2025GaussianVLM: Scene-centric 3D Vision-Language Models using Language-aligned Gaussian Splats for Embodied Reasoning and Beyond1 Jul 2025
- 2025SceneSplat++: A Large Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmark for Language Gaussian Splatting10 Jun 2025
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026An overview of 3D Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026An overview of 3D Vision-Language Models4 Sep 2026
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025SceneSplat++: A Large Dataset and Comprehensive Benchmark for Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2025Training-Free Hierarchical Scene Understanding for Gaussian Splatting with Superpoint Graphscited by 10
- 2026SimRecon: SimReady Compositional Scene Reconstruction from Real Videoscited by 9
- 2025AIM 2025 challenge on Inverse Tone Mapping Report: Methods and Resultscited by 8
- 2025Chorus: Multi-Teacher Pretraining for Holistic 3D Gaussian Scene Encodingcited by 8
- 2026FlowHOI: Flow-based Semantics-Grounded Generation of Hand-Object Interactions for Dexterous Robot Manipulationcited by 6
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrievalcited by 5
- 2026OVI-MAP:Open-Vocabulary Instance-Semantic Mappingcited by 4
- 2025POMA-3D: The Point Map Way to 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
- 2026TTT-Parkour: Rapid Test-Time Training for Perceptive Robot Parkourcited by 3
- 2025Masked Clustering Prediction for Unsupervised Point Cloud Pre-trainingcited by 2
12 most cited of 45 All 45 (JSON)
- 2026StereoGaussians: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Stereo Images29 Sep 2026
- 2026GraphWrit3R: End-to-End 3D Scene Graph Writing25 Sep 2026
- 2026Partition-Invariant Tuning for 3D Scene Understanding11 Sep 2026
- 2026LangStreet: Persistent Language Fields for Anchor-Decoded Street Gaussians10 Sep 2026
- 2026GoDeep: Annotation-Free Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding via Language-Space Lifting8 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking 3D Noise: Learning 3D-Aware Video Priors via Optimization-Free Morphological Perturbations3 Sep 2026
- 2026GroupForward: Building Referable 3D Scenes via Instance-Grouped Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting18 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Similarity Matching: Structured Reasoning for Open-Vocabulary Referring Segmentation in 3DGS17 Aug 2026
- 2026Gaussian-JEPA: Joint-Embedding Predictive Learning for 3D Gaussian Splats16 Aug 2026
- 2026MonoVoc: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Lightweight Monocular Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussians30 Jul 2026
- 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embedding17 Jul 2026
- 2026MAC-Splat: Multi-Attribute Consistency for High-Fidelity Sparse-View Reconstruction12 Jul 2026
12 newest of 45 All 45 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splatting
- 2025GaussianGraph: 3D Gaussian-based Scene Graph Generation for Open-world Scene Understanding
- 2026ZeroSplat: Generalized Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting
- 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splatting
- 2026SceneBench: A Hierarchical Benchmark for Vision-Language Understanding of 3D Scenes
- 2025ExtrinSplat: Decoupling Geometry and Semantics for Open-Vocabulary Understanding in 3D Gaussian Splatting
- 2024GOI: Find 3D Gaussians of Interest with an Optimizable Open-vocabulary Semantic-space Hyperplane
- 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understanding