Software Rasterization of 2 Billion Points in Real Time
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a software rasterization pipeline for point clouds that is capable of brute-force rendering up to two billion points in real time (60fps). Improvements over the state of the art are achieved by batching points in a way that a number of batch-level optimizations can be computed before rasterizing the points within the same rendering pass. These optimizations include frustum culling, level-of-detail rendering, and choosing the appropriate coordinate precision for a given batch of points directly within a compute workgroup. Adaptive coordinate precision, in conjunction with visibility buffers, reduces the number of loaded bytes for the majority of points down to 4, thus making our approach several times faster than the bandwidth-limited state of the art. Furthermore, support for LOD rendering makes our software-rasterization approach suitable for rendering arbitrarily large point clouds, and to meet the increased performance demands of virtual reality rendering.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2022.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 7; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
13 papers.
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- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2024RadSplat: Radiance Field-Informed Gaussian Splatting for Robust Real-Time Rendering with 900+ FPScited by 110
- 2023Gaussian Shell Maps for Efficient 3D Human Generationcited by 61
- 2024TRIPS: Trilinear Point Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 33
- 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Pointscited by 29
- 2023VET: Visual Error Tomography for Point Cloud Completion and High-Quality Neural Renderingcited by 14
- 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimizationcited by 13
- 2024INPC: Implicit Neural Point Clouds for Radiance Field Renderingcited by 10
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relightingcited by 2
- 2024NARVis: Neural Accelerated Rendering for Real-Time Scientific Point Cloud Visualizationcited by 0
- 2024Towards Real-Time Generation of Delay-Compensated Video Feeds for Outdoor Mobile Robot Teleoperationcited by 0
1 more
- 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimization10 Feb 2026
- 2025Rasterized Steered Mixture of Experts for Efficient 2D Image Regression7 Oct 2025
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relighting14 Apr 2025
- 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Points23 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Real-Time Generation of Delay-Compensated Video Feeds for Outdoor Mobile Robot Teleoperation16 Sep 2024
- 2024NARVis: Neural Accelerated Rendering for Real-Time Scientific Point Cloud Visualization26 Jul 2024
- 2024INPC: Implicit Neural Point Clouds for Radiance Field Rendering25 Mar 2024
- 2024RadSplat: Radiance Field-Informed Gaussian Splatting for Robust Real-Time Rendering with 900+ FPS20 Mar 2024
- 2024TRIPS: Trilinear Point Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering11 Jan 2024
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jan 2024
- 2023Gaussian Shell Maps for Efficient 3D Human Generation29 Nov 2023
- 2023VET: Visual Error Tomography for Point Cloud Completion and High-Quality Neural Rendering8 Nov 2023
1 more
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2024RadSplat: Radiance Field-Informed Gaussian Splatting for Robust Real-Time Rendering with 900+ FPScited by 110
- 2023Gaussian Shell Maps for Efficient 3D Human Generationcited by 61
- 2024TRIPS: Trilinear Point Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 33
- 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Pointscited by 29
- 2023VET: Visual Error Tomography for Point Cloud Completion and High-Quality Neural Renderingcited by 14
- 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimizationcited by 13
- 2024INPC: Implicit Neural Point Clouds for Radiance Field Renderingcited by 10
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relightingcited by 2
- 2024NARVis: Neural Accelerated Rendering for Real-Time Scientific Point Cloud Visualizationcited by 0
- 2024Towards Real-Time Generation of Delay-Compensated Video Feeds for Outdoor Mobile Robot Teleoperationcited by 0
- 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimization10 Feb 2026
- 2025DNF-Avatar: Distilling Neural Fields for Real-time Animatable Avatar Relighting14 Apr 2025
- 2024VR-Splatting: Foveated Radiance Field Rendering via 3D Gaussian Splatting and Neural Points23 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards Real-Time Generation of Delay-Compensated Video Feeds for Outdoor Mobile Robot Teleoperation16 Sep 2024
- 2024NARVis: Neural Accelerated Rendering for Real-Time Scientific Point Cloud Visualization26 Jul 2024
- 2024INPC: Implicit Neural Point Clouds for Radiance Field Rendering25 Mar 2024
- 2024RadSplat: Radiance Field-Informed Gaussian Splatting for Robust Real-Time Rendering with 900+ FPS20 Mar 2024
- 2024TRIPS: Trilinear Point Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering11 Jan 2024
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting8 Jan 2024
- 2023Gaussian Shell Maps for Efficient 3D Human Generation29 Nov 2023
- 2023VET: Visual Error Tomography for Point Cloud Completion and High-Quality Neural Rendering8 Nov 2023
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering8 Aug 2023