Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processing
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose Differentiable Surface Splatting (DSS), a high-fidelity differentiable renderer for point clouds. Gradients for point locations and normals are carefully designed to handle discontinuities of the rendering function. Regularization terms are introduced to ensure uniform distribution of the points on the underlying surface. We demonstrate applications of DSS to inverse rendering for geometry synthesis and denoising, where large scale topological changes, as well as small scale detail modifications, are accurately and robustly handled without requiring explicit connectivity, outperforming state-of-the-art techniques. The data and code are at https://github.com/yifita/DSS.
Key facts. Cited by 238 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 16; 2023: 38; 2024: 100; 2025: 45; 2026: 21.
238 papers.
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- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
- 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
- 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
38 more
- 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
- 2023GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Modelscited by 255
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2023Gaussian-Flow: 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic 3D Gaussian Particlecited by 210
- 2023COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 193
- 2023GaussianAvatar: Towards Realistic Human Avatar Modeling from a Single Video via Animatable 3D Gaussianscited by 190
- 2024CityGaussian: Real-time High-quality Large-Scale Scene Rendering with Gaussianscited by 190
- 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
- 2022PointAvatar: Deformable Point-based Head Avatars from Videoscited by 183
- 2023Depth-Regularized Optimization for 3D Gaussian Splatting in Few-Shot Imagescited by 172
- 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
- 2024High-quality Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Surfelscited by 159
- 2021BACON: Band-limited Coordinate Networks for Multiscale Scene Representationcited by 142
- 2024OpenGaussian: Towards Point-Level 3D Gaussian-based Open Vocabulary Understandingcited by 141
- 2023Relightable 3D Gaussians: Realistic Point Cloud Relighting with BRDF Decomposition and Ray Tracingcited by 138
- 2023NeuSG: Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splatting Guidancecited by 137
- 2024DriveDreamer4D: World Models Are Effective Data Machines for 4D Driving Scene Representationcited by 123
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
- 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 111
- 2024RadSplat: Radiance Field-Informed Gaussian Splatting for Robust Real-Time Rendering with 900+ FPScited by 110
- 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 102
- 2023GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesiscited by 95
- 2024GES: Generalized Exponential Splatting for Efficient Radiance Field Renderingcited by 92
- 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
- 2023GIR: 3D Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Relightable Scene Factorizationcited by 86
- 2024FMGS: Foundation Model Embedded 3D Gaussian Splatting for Holistic 3D Scene Understandingcited by 86
- 2023Neural Point Catacaustics for Novel-View Synthesis of Reflectionscited by 81
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2024StyleGaussian: Instant 3D Style Transfer with Gaussian Splattingcited by 78
- 20243DGSR: Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 78
- 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 73
- 2021SCALE: Modeling Clothed Humans with a Surface Codec of Articulated Local Elementscited by 72
- 2021Deep Implicit Moving Least-Squares Functions for 3D Reconstructioncited by 67
50 most cited of 238 All 238 (JSON)
- 2026PePESeg3D: Perception Prior Enhances Multi-Scale Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Sep 2026
- 2026Graph-to-Grid (G2G): Continuous-Coordinate Feature Painting for Soccer Pass Surfaces21 Sep 2026
- 2026Accelerating HKTex without Mesh Eigensystems: Local Unfolding and Randomized Thermal Features12 Sep 2026
- 2026DualDiff3D: Dual Structure-Appearance Diffusion Priors for Reliability-Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting1 Sep 2026
- 2026Amortized Set Prediction for Inverse IFS Reconstruction from Density Maps25 Aug 2026
- 2026Monte Carlo Energy Aggregation for Mobile 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi4D: High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splatting via Multi-Level Competitive Allocation20 Jun 2026
- 2026GaussTrace: Provenance Analysis of 3D Gaussian Splatting Models with Evidence-based LLM Reasoning9 Jun 2026
- 2026Real2Sim: A Physics-driven and Editable Gaussian Splatting Framework for Autonomous Driving Scenes13 May 2026
- 20263DSS: 3D Surface Splatting for Inverse Rendering7 May 2026
- 2026MesonGS++: Post-training Compression of 3D Gaussian Splatting with Hyperparameter Searching29 Apr 2026
- 2026PhysHead: Simulation-Ready Gaussian Head Avatars7 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026GS^2: Graph-based Spatial Distribution Optimization for Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting2 Apr 2026
- 2026HVG-3D: Bridging Real and Simulation Domains for 3D-Conditional Hand-Object Interaction Video Synthesis31 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffSoup: Direct Differentiable Rasterization of Triangle Soup for Extreme Radiance Field Simplification28 Mar 2026
- 2026SoftJAX & SoftTorch: Empowering Automatic Differentiation Libraries with Informative Gradients9 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffBMP: Differentiable Rendering with Bitmap Primitives26 Feb 2026
- 2026tttLRM: Test-Time Training for Long Context and Autoregressive 3D Reconstruction23 Feb 2026
- 2026Rotated Lights for Consistent and Efficient 2D Gaussians Inverse Rendering9 Feb 2026
- 2026QuantumGS: Quantum Encoding Framework for Gaussian Splatting4 Feb 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2025DGH: Dynamic Gaussian Hair18 Dec 2025
- 2025AdLift: Lifting Adversarial Perturbations to Safeguard 3D Gaussian Splatting Assets Against Instruction-Driven Editing8 Dec 2025
- 2025Smol-GS: Compact Representations for Abstract 3D Gaussian Splatting30 Nov 2025
- 2025AEGIS: Preserving privacy of 3D Facial Avatars with Adversarial Perturbations21 Nov 2025
- 2025Inpaint360GS: Efficient Object-Aware 3D Inpainting via Gaussian Splatting for 360deg Scenes9 Nov 2025
- 2025LVT: Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction via Local View Transformers29 Sep 2025
- 2025Large Material Gaussian Model for Relightable 3D Generation26 Sep 2025
- 2025HyRF: Hybrid Radiance Fields for Memory-efficient and High-quality Novel View Synthesis21 Sep 2025
- 2025Every Camera Effect, Every Time, All at Once: 4D Gaussian Ray Tracing for Physics-based Camera Effect Data Generation13 Sep 2025
- 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesis9 Sep 2025
- 20253DGabSplat: 3D Gabor Splatting for Frequency-adaptive Radiance Field Rendering7 Aug 2025
- 2025Surf3R: Rapid Surface Reconstruction from Sparse RGB Views in Seconds6 Aug 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Stereo-GS: Multi-View Stereo Vision Model for Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction20 Jul 2025
- 2025AD-GS: Object-Aware B-Spline Gaussian Splatting for Self-Supervised Autonomous Driving16 Jul 2025
- 2025Dark-EvGS: Event Camera as an Eye for Radiance Field in the Dark16 Jul 2025
- 2025SD-GS: Structured Deformable 3D Gaussians for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstruction10 Jul 2025
- 2025LOD-GS: Level-of-Detail-Sensitive 3D Gaussian Splatting for Detail Conserved Anti-Aliasing1 Jul 2025
- 2025STD-GS: Exploring Frame-Event Interaction for SpatioTemporal-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting to Reconstruct High-Dynamic Scene29 Jun 2025
- 2025VoteSplat: Hough Voting Gaussian Splatting for 3D Scene Understanding28 Jun 2025
- 2025Few-Shot Identity Adaptation for 3D Talking Heads via Global Gaussian Field27 Jun 2025
- 2025Part2GS: Part-aware Modeling of Articulated Objects using 3D Gaussian Splatting20 Jun 2025
- 2025HRGS: Hierarchical Gaussian Splatting for Memory-Efficient High-Resolution 3D Reconstruction17 Jun 2025
- 2025Dy3DGS-SLAM: Monocular 3D Gaussian Splatting SLAM for Dynamic Environments6 Jun 2025
- 2025FlexGS: Train Once, Deploy Everywhere with Many-in-One Flexible 3D Gaussian Splatting4 Jun 2025
- 2025Holistic Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction via Mixed Gaussian Splatting29 May 2025
- 2025SuperGS: Consistent and Detailed 3D Super-Resolution Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting24 May 2025
- 2025Steepest Descent Density Control for Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting8 May 2025
- 2025When Gaussian Meets Surfel: Ultra-fast High-fidelity Radiance Field Rendering24 Apr 2025
50 newest of 238 All 238 (JSON)
- 2023GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Modelscited by 255
- 2024Hi3D: Pursuing High-Resolution Image-to-3D Generation with Video Diffusion Modelscited by 27
- 2024GSD: View-Guided Gaussian Splatting Diffusion for 3D Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2024GaussianAnything: Interactive Point Cloud Flow Matching For 3D Object Generationcited by 12
- 2024PaintScene4D: Consistent 4D Scene Generation from Text Promptscited by 2
- 2026DualDiff3D: Dual Structure-Appearance Diffusion Priors for Reliability-Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026DualDiff3D: Dual Structure-Appearance Diffusion Priors for Reliability-Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting1 Sep 2026
- 2024PaintScene4D: Consistent 4D Scene Generation from Text Prompts5 Dec 2024
- 2024GaussianAnything: Interactive Point Cloud Flow Matching For 3D Object Generation12 Nov 2024
- 2024Hi3D: Pursuing High-Resolution Image-to-3D Generation with Video Diffusion Models11 Sep 2024
- 2024GSD: View-Guided Gaussian Splatting Diffusion for 3D Reconstruction5 Jul 2024
- 2023GaussianDreamer: Fast Generation from Text to 3D Gaussians by Bridging 2D and 3D Diffusion Models12 Oct 2023
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
- 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
- 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 344
- 2023GaussianEditor: Swift and Controllable 3D Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 331
12 most cited of 226 All 226 (JSON)
- 2026PePESeg3D: Perception Prior Enhances Multi-Scale Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Sep 2026
- 2026Graph-to-Grid (G2G): Continuous-Coordinate Feature Painting for Soccer Pass Surfaces21 Sep 2026
- 2026Accelerating HKTex without Mesh Eigensystems: Local Unfolding and Randomized Thermal Features12 Sep 2026
- 2026Amortized Set Prediction for Inverse IFS Reconstruction from Density Maps25 Aug 2026
- 2026Monte Carlo Energy Aggregation for Mobile 3D Gaussian Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi4D: High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splatting via Multi-Level Competitive Allocation20 Jun 2026
- 20263DSS: 3D Surface Splatting for Inverse Rendering7 May 2026
- 2026MesonGS++: Post-training Compression of 3D Gaussian Splatting with Hyperparameter Searching29 Apr 2026
- 2026PhysHead: Simulation-Ready Gaussian Head Avatars7 Apr 2026
- 2026GS^2: Graph-based Spatial Distribution Optimization for Compact 3D Gaussian Splatting2 Apr 2026
- 2026HVG-3D: Bridging Real and Simulation Domains for 3D-Conditional Hand-Object Interaction Video Synthesis31 Mar 2026
- 2026DiffSoup: Direct Differentiable Rasterization of Triangle Soup for Extreme Radiance Field Simplification28 Mar 2026
12 newest of 226 All 226 (JSON)