Free View Synthesis
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a method for novel view synthesis from input images that are freely distributed around a scene. Our method does not rely on a regular arrangement of input views, can synthesize images for free camera movement through the scene, and works for general scenes with unconstrained geometric layouts. We calibrate the input images via SfM and erect a coarse geometric scaffold via MVS. This scaffold is used to create a proxy depth map for a novel view of the scene. Based on this depth map, a recurrent encoder-decoder network processes reprojected features from nearby views and synthesizes the new view. Our network does not need to be optimized for a given scene. After training on a dataset, it works in previously unseen environments with no fine-tuning or per-scene optimization. We evaluate the presented approach on challenging real-world datasets, including Tanks and Temples, where we demonstrate successful view synthesis for the first time and substantially outperform prior and concurrent work.
Key facts. Cited by 231 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 56; 2022: 52; 2023: 58; 2024: 43; 2025: 19; 2026: 3.
231 papers.
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- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 698
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
- 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
38 more
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 369
- 2021NeRF in the Dark: High Dynamic Range View Synthesis from Noisy Raw Imagescited by 336
- 2021Dense Depth Priors for Neural Radiance Fields from Sparse Input Viewscited by 301
- 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 294
- 2023Generative Novel View Synthesis with 3D-Aware Diffusion Modelscited by 273
- 2022Panoptic Neural Fields: A Semantic Object-Aware Neural Scene Representationcited by 243
- 2022NoPe-NeRF: Optimising Neural Radiance Field with No Pose Priorcited by 235
- 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
- 2021Editing Conditional Radiance Fieldscited by 222
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
- 2022NeRF-Editing: Geometry Editing of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 216
- 2023Robust Dynamic Radiance Fieldscited by 193
- 2023COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 193
- 2021Neural Rays for Occlusion-aware Image-based Renderingcited by 192
- 2021NerfingMVS: Guided Optimization of Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Multi-view Stereocited by 191
- 2021Stereo Radiance Fields (SRF): Learning View Synthesis for Sparse Views of Novel Scenescited by 190
- 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
- 20244D-Rotor Gaussian Splatting: Towards Efficient Novel View Synthesis for Dynamic Scenescited by 185
- 2023HyperReel: High-Fidelity 6-DoF Video with Ray-Conditioned Samplingcited by 173
- 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
- 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
- 2021H-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Rendering and Temporal Reconstruction of Humans in Motioncited by 157
- 2021NeRF--: Neural Radiance Fields Without Known Camera Parameterscited by 155
- 2021Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Videocited by 150
- 2021BACON: Band-limited Coordinate Networks for Multiscale Scene Representationcited by 142
- 2022NeuMesh: Learning Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Field for Geometry and Texture Editingcited by 141
- 2022StylizedNeRF: Consistent 3D Scene Stylization as Stylized NeRF via 2D-3D Mutual Learningcited by 140
- 20243D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenescited by 138
- 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
- 2021Unconstrained Scene Generation with Locally Conditioned Radiance Fieldscited by 130
- 2021Hallucinated Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 130
- 2024Reducing the Memory Footprint of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 129
- 2023CompGS: Smaller and Faster Gaussian Splatting with Vector Quantizationcited by 127
- 2022Mixed Neural Voxels for Fast Multi-view Video Synthesiscited by 126
- 2022Neural 3D Scene Reconstruction with the Manhattan-world Assumptioncited by 123
- 2021NeRFReN: Neural Radiance Fields with Reflectionscited by 121
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
50 most cited of 231 All 231 (JSON)
- 2026A Compact Explicit 4D Representation for Dynamic Scenes1 Oct 2026
- 2026Online Neural Space Time Memory for Dynamic Novel View Synthesis16 Jul 2026
- 2026NeuMesh++: Towards Versatile and Efficient Volumetric Editing with Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Field17 Jun 2026
- 2025Sharp Monocular View Synthesis in Less Than a Second11 Dec 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025LongSplat: Robust Unposed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Casual Long Videos19 Aug 2025
- 2025Perceive-Sample-Compress: Towards Real-Time 3D Gaussian Splatting7 Aug 2025
- 2025RobustGS: Unified Boosting of Feedforward 3D Gaussian Splatting under Low-Quality Conditions5 Aug 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025PCR-GS: COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting via Pose Co-Regularizations18 Jul 2025
- 2025Multiview Geometric Regularization of Gaussian Splatting for Accurate Radiance Fields16 Jun 2025
- 2025Complex-Valued Holographic Radiance Fields10 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025SparSplat: Fast Multi-View Reconstruction with Generalizable 2D Gaussian Splatting4 May 2025
- 2025When Gaussian Meets Surfel: Ultra-fast High-fidelity Radiance Field Rendering24 Apr 2025
- 2025Video4DGen: Enhancing Video and 4D Generation through Mutual Optimization5 Apr 2025
- 2025MultimodalStudio: A Heterogeneous Sensor Dataset and Framework for Neural Rendering across Multiple Imaging Modalities25 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Efficient Fuse-and-Refine for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2025
- 2025Morpheus: Text-Driven 3D Gaussian Splat Shape and Color Stylization3 Mar 2025
- 2025TrackGS: Optimizing COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting with Global Track Constraints27 Feb 2025
- 2025Laser: Efficient Language-Guided Segmentation in Neural Radiance Fields31 Jan 2025
- 2025Fast Underwater Scene Reconstruction using Multi-View Stereo and Physical Imaging21 Jan 2025
- 2025Surface-SOS: Self-Supervised Object Segmentation via Neural Surface Representation17 Jan 2025
- 20243DGUT: Enabling Distorted Cameras and Secondary Rays in Gaussian Splatting17 Dec 2024
- 2024Deformable Radial Kernel Splatting16 Dec 2024
- 2024Pushing Rendering Boundaries: Hard Gaussian Splatting6 Dec 2024
- 2024RoDyGS: Robust Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Casual Videos4 Dec 2024
- 2024Human Multi-View Synthesis from a Single-View Model:Transferred Body and Face Representations4 Dec 2024
- 2024Gaussians on their Way: Wasserstein-Constrained 4D Gaussian Splatting with State-Space Modeling30 Nov 2024
- 2024GPS-Gaussian+: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Human-Scene Rendering from Sparse Views18 Nov 2024
- 2024Planar Reflection-Aware Neural Radiance Fields7 Nov 2024
- 2024Fully Explicit Dynamic Gaussian Splatting21 Oct 2024
- 2024Hybrid bundle-adjusting 3D Gaussians for view consistent rendering with pose optimization17 Oct 2024
- 2024Simultaneous Diffusion Sampling for Conditional LiDAR Generation15 Oct 2024
- 2024GMT: Enhancing Generalizable Neural Rendering via Geometry-Driven Multi-Reference Texture Transfer1 Oct 2024
- 2024OPONeRF: One-Point-One NeRF for Robust Neural Rendering30 Sep 2024
- 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstruction28 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairs11 Sep 2024
- 2024Correspondence-Guided SfM-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting for NVS16 Aug 2024
- 2024NeRF-US: Removing Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts from Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild13 Aug 2024
- 2024HDRGS: High Dynamic Range Gaussian Splatting13 Aug 2024
- 2024Mipmap-GS: Let Gaussians Deform with Scale-specific Mipmap for Anti-aliasing Rendering12 Aug 2024
- 2024BoostMVSNeRFs: Boosting MVS-based NeRFs to Generalizable View Synthesis in Large-scale Scenes22 Jul 2024
- 2024IE-NeRF: Inpainting Enhanced Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild15 Jul 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenes9 Jul 2024
- 2024Trimming the Fat: Efficient Compression of 3D Gaussian Splats through Pruning26 Jun 2024
- 2024Reducing the Memory Footprint of 3D Gaussian Splatting24 Jun 2024
- 2024ExtraNeRF: Visibility-Aware View Extrapolation of Neural Radiance Fields with Diffusion Models10 Jun 2024
- 2024Vidu4D: Single Generated Video to High-Fidelity 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic Gaussian Surfels27 May 2024
- 2024NVS-Solver: Video Diffusion Model as Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesizer24 May 2024
- 2024DisC-GS: Discontinuity-aware Gaussian Splatting24 May 2024
50 newest of 231 All 231 (JSON)
- 2023Generative Novel View Synthesis with 3D-Aware Diffusion Modelscited by 273
- 2024NVS-Solver: Video Diffusion Model as Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesizercited by 79
- 2023ViVid-1-to-3: Novel View Synthesis with Video Diffusion Modelscited by 57
- 2023DreamSparse: Escaping from Plato's Cave with 2D Frozen Diffusion Model Given Sparse Viewscited by 31
- 2024ExtraNeRF: Visibility-Aware View Extrapolation of Neural Radiance Fields with Diffusion Modelscited by 12
- 2024ViewFusion: Learning Composable Diffusion Models for Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2024Human Multi-View Synthesis from a Single-View Model:Transferred Body and Face Representationscited by 0
- 2024Human Multi-View Synthesis from a Single-View Model:Transferred Body and Face Representations4 Dec 2024
- 2024ExtraNeRF: Visibility-Aware View Extrapolation of Neural Radiance Fields with Diffusion Models10 Jun 2024
- 2024NVS-Solver: Video Diffusion Model as Zero-Shot Novel View Synthesizer24 May 2024
- 2024ViewFusion: Learning Composable Diffusion Models for Novel View Synthesis5 Feb 2024
- 2023ViVid-1-to-3: Novel View Synthesis with Video Diffusion Models3 Dec 2023
- 2023DreamSparse: Escaping from Plato's Cave with 2D Frozen Diffusion Model Given Sparse Views6 Jun 2023
- 2023Generative Novel View Synthesis with 3D-Aware Diffusion Models5 Apr 2023
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 698
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 668
- 2021BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 641
- 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
- 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
- 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
12 most cited of 220 All 220 (JSON)
- 2026A Compact Explicit 4D Representation for Dynamic Scenes1 Oct 2026
- 2026Online Neural Space Time Memory for Dynamic Novel View Synthesis16 Jul 2026
- 2026NeuMesh++: Towards Versatile and Efficient Volumetric Editing with Disentangled Neural Mesh-based Implicit Field17 Jun 2026
- 2025Sharp Monocular View Synthesis in Less Than a Second11 Dec 2025
- 2025AMB3R: Accurate Feed-forward Metric-scale 3D Reconstruction with Backend25 Nov 2025
- 2025LongSplat: Robust Unposed 3D Gaussian Splatting for Casual Long Videos19 Aug 2025
- 2025Perceive-Sample-Compress: Towards Real-Time 3D Gaussian Splatting7 Aug 2025
- 2025RobustGS: Unified Boosting of Feedforward 3D Gaussian Splatting under Low-Quality Conditions5 Aug 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025PCR-GS: COLMAP-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting via Pose Co-Regularizations18 Jul 2025
- 2025Multiview Geometric Regularization of Gaussian Splatting for Accurate Radiance Fields16 Jun 2025
- 2025Complex-Valued Holographic Radiance Fields10 Jun 2025
12 newest of 220 All 220 (JSON)