mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

2D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fields

arXiv 2403.17888 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2024cs.CV cs.GRcited by 1,076

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Cited by 61 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has recently revolutionized radiance field reconstruction, achieving high quality novel view synthesis and fast rendering speed without baking. However, 3DGS fails to accurately represent surfaces due to the multi-view inconsistent nature of 3D Gaussians. We present 2D Gaussian Splatting (2DGS), a novel approach to model and reconstruct geometrically accurate radiance fields from multi-view images. Our key idea is to collapse the 3D volume into a set of 2D oriented planar Gaussian disks. Unlike 3D Gaussians, 2D Gaussians provide view-consistent geometry while modeling surfaces intrinsically. To accurately recover thin surfaces and achieve stable optimization, we introduce a perspective-correct 2D splatting process utilizing ray-splat intersection and rasterization. Additionally, we incorporate depth distortion and normal consistency terms to further enhance the quality of the reconstructions. We demonstrate that our differentiable renderer allows for noise-free and detailed geometry reconstruction while maintaining competitive appearance quality, fast training speed, and real-time rendering.

Key facts. Cited by 1,076 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2024.

Builds on

40 of 75 references.

References · 40

  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  3. 2019DeepSDF: Learning Continuous Signed Distance Functions for Shape Representationcited by 2,689
  4. 2018Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Spacecited by 2,041
  5. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
  6. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  7. 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 996
  8. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  9. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  10. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
  11. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 861
  12. 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
28 more
  1. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
  2. 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 721
  3. 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 700
  4. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
  5. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 646
  6. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 616
  7. 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 470
  8. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 468
  9. 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
  10. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 377
  11. 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
  12. 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 327
  13. 2022NeuS2: Fast Learning of Neural Implicit Surfaces for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 314
  14. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 311
  15. 2023GaussianAvatars: Photorealistic Head Avatars with Rigged 3D Gaussianscited by 260
  16. 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 239
  17. 2023GS-IR: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 224
  18. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 221
  19. 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 218
  20. 2022Geo-Neus: Geometry-Consistent Neural Implicit Surfaces Learning for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 212
  21. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 190
  22. 2020Fast-MVSNet: Sparse-to-Dense Multi-View Stereo With Learned Propagation and Gauss-Newton Refinementcited by 105
  23. 2018Unsupervised Learning of Shape and Pose with Differentiable Point Cloudscited by 89
  24. 2023GIR: 3D Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Relightable Scene Factorizationcited by 87
  25. 2022Improved Direct Voxel Grid Optimization for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 61
  26. 2022Approximate Differentiable Rendering with Algebraic Surfacescited by 44
  27. 2018SurfelMeshing: Online Surfel-Based Mesh Reconstructioncited by 29
  28. 2023Flexible Techniques for Differentiable Rendering with 3D Gaussianscited by 28

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 223; 2025: 453; 2026: 400.

1,076 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2025GEN3C: 3D-Informed World-Consistent Video Generation with Precise Camera Controlcited by 341
  2. 2024PGSR: Planar-based Gaussian Splatting for Efficient and High-Fidelity Surface Reconstructioncited by 285
  3. 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
  4. 2024Shape of Motion: 4D Reconstruction from a Single Videocited by 250
  5. 2024Gaussian Opacity Fields: Efficient Adaptive Surface Reconstruction in Unbounded Scenescited by 232
  6. 2024WonderWorld: Interactive 3D Scene Generation from a Single Imagecited by 202
  7. 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 166
  8. 2024StableNormal: Reducing Diffusion Variance for Stable and Sharp Normalcited by 154
  9. 2024MeshAnything: Artist-Created Mesh Generation with Autoregressive Transformerscited by 144
  10. 2024MV-DUSt3R+: Single-Stage Scene Reconstruction from Sparse Views In 2 Secondscited by 141
  11. 20243D Gaussian Ray Tracing: Fast Tracing of Particle Scenescited by 139
  12. 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 114
38 more
  1. 2024RaDe-GS: Rasterizing Depth in Gaussian Splattingcited by 111
  2. 2024SLAM3R: Real-Time Dense Scene Reconstruction from Monocular RGB Videoscited by 102
  3. 2024HUGSIM: A Real-Time, Photo-Realistic and Closed-Loop Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 90
  4. 2025STream3R: Scalable Sequential 3D Reconstruction with Causal Transformercited by 82
  5. 20243DGSR: Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 79
  6. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
  7. 2024InstantSplat: Sparse-view Gaussian Splatting in Secondscited by 70
  8. 2024GS2Mesh: Surface Reconstruction from Gaussian Splatting via Novel Stereo Viewscited by 67
  9. 2024R2-Gaussian: Rectifying Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Tomographic Reconstructioncited by 67
  10. 2025ArtGS: Building Interactable Replicas of Complex Articulated Objects via Gaussian Splattingcited by 67
  11. 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scalecited by 65
  12. 2024LoopSplat: Loop Closure by Registering 3D Gaussian Splatscited by 60
  13. 2024LaRa: Efficient Large-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 55
  14. 2025RoboVerse: Towards a Unified Platform, Dataset and Benchmark for Scalable and Generalizable Robot Learningcited by 54
  15. 2024SplatFields: Neural Gaussian Splats for Sparse 3D and 4D Reconstructioncited by 52
  16. 2024DiffGS: Functional Gaussian Splatting Diffusioncited by 51
  17. 2024VCR-GauS: View Consistent Depth-Normal Regularizer for Gaussian Surface Reconstructioncited by 50
  18. 2024Director3D: Real-world Camera Trajectory and 3D Scene Generation from Textcited by 50
  19. 2024CityGaussianV2: Efficient and Geometrically Accurate Reconstruction for Large-Scale Scenescited by 50
  20. 20243D Convex Splatting: Radiance Field Rendering with 3D Smooth Convexescited by 50
  21. 2025Triangle Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 50
  22. 2024Neural Signed Distance Function Inference through Splatting 3D Gaussians Pulled on Zero-Level Setcited by 49
  23. 20254DGT: Learning a 4D Gaussian Transformer Using Real-World Monocular Videoscited by 49
  24. 2024EVER: Exact Volumetric Ellipsoid Rendering for Real-time View Synthesiscited by 48
  25. 2025Pixel to Gaussian: Ultra-Fast Continuous Super-Resolution with 2D Gaussian Modelingcited by 48
  26. 2024EG4D: Explicit Generation of 4D Object without Score Distillationcited by 45
  27. 2024DeSiRe-GS: 4D Street Gaussians for Static-Dynamic Decomposition and Surface Reconstruction for Urban Driving Scenescited by 45
  28. 2024Dream to Manipulate: Compositional World Models Empowering Robot Imitation Learning with Imaginationcited by 45
  29. 2025LONG3R: Long Sequence Streaming 3D Reconstructioncited by 45
  30. 20243D-HGS: 3D Half-Gaussian Splattingcited by 44
  31. 2024Human-3Diffusion: Realistic Avatar Creation via Explicit 3D Consistent Diffusion Modelscited by 44
  32. 20243DGS-LM: Faster Gaussian-Splatting Optimization with Levenberg-Marquardtcited by 43
  33. 2024SplatLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Visual Localization for Augmented Realitycited by 43
  34. 2025Articulate AnyMesh: Open-Vocabulary 3D Articulated Objects Modelingcited by 43
  35. 2024GI-GS: Global Illumination Decomposition on Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 42
  36. 2025Swift4D:Adaptive divide-and-conquer Gaussian Splatting for compact and efficient reconstruction of dynamic scenecited by 42
  37. 2024DeferredGS: Decoupled and Editable Gaussian Splatting with Deferred Shadingcited by 41
  38. 2025GenFusion: Closing the Loop between Reconstruction and Generation via Videoscited by 41

50 most cited of 1,076 All 1,076 (JSON)