mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Video

arXiv 2112.01517 ↗First posted 2 Dec 2021cs.CVcited by 150

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper aims to tackle the challenge of efficiently producing interactive free-viewpoint videos. Some recent works equip neural radiance fields with image encoders, enabling them to generalize across scenes. When processing dynamic scenes, they can simply treat each video frame as an individual scene and perform novel view synthesis to generate free-viewpoint videos. However, their rendering process is slow and cannot support interactive applications. A major factor is that they sample lots of points in empty space when inferring radiance fields. We propose a novel scene representation, called ENeRF, for the fast creation of interactive free-viewpoint videos. Specifically, given multi-view images at one frame, we first build the cascade cost volume to predict the coarse geometry of the scene. The coarse geometry allows us to sample few points near the scene surface, thereby significantly improving the rendering speed. This process is fully differentiable, enabling us to jointly learn the depth prediction and radiance field networks from RGB images. Experiments on multiple benchmarks show that our approach exhibits competitive performance while being at least 60 times faster than previous generalizable radiance field methods.

Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 55 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Dec 2021.

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55 of 82 references.

References · 55

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38 more
  1. 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
  2. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
  3. 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 740
  4. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 735
  5. 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 703
  6. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
  7. 2021UNISURF: Unifying Neural Implicit Surfaces and Radiance Fields for Multi-View Reconstructioncited by 646
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  13. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
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  15. 2021Animatable Neural Radiance Fields for Modeling Dynamic Human Bodiescited by 361
  16. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
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  19. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  20. 2020Free View Synthesiscited by 231
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  22. 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 214
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 39; 2024: 50; 2025: 40; 2026: 21.

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  1. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
  2. 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 692
  3. 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 347
  4. 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
  5. 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
  6. 2023GPS-Gaussian: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-time Human Novel View Synthesiscited by 170
  7. 2023GauHuman: Articulated Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Human Videoscited by 168
  8. 2024DriveDreamer4D: World Models Are Effective Data Machines for 4D Driving Scene Representationcited by 123
  9. 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 114
  10. 2023GNFactor: Multi-Task Real Robot Learning with Generalizable Neural Feature Fieldscited by 99
  11. 20234K4D: Real-Time 4D View Synthesis at 4K Resolutioncited by 91
  12. 2024ReconDreamer: Crafting World Models for Driving Scene Reconstruction via Online Restorationcited by 89
38 more
  1. 2023MuRF: Multi-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 71
  2. 2023HiFi4G: High-Fidelity Human Performance Rendering via Compact Gaussian Splattingcited by 70
  3. 2024Representing Long Volumetric Video with Temporal Gaussian Hierarchycited by 58
  4. 2023Im4D: High-Fidelity and Real-Time Novel View Synthesis for Dynamic Scenescited by 55
  5. 2024LaRa: Efficient Large-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 55
  6. 2025FreeTimeGS: Free Gaussian Primitives at Anytime and Anywhere for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 54
  7. 2025GenFusion: Closing the Loop between Reconstruction and Generation via Videoscited by 41
  8. 2023Real-Time Neural Rasterization for Large Scenescited by 37
  9. 2023Efficient Large-scale Scene Representation with a Hybrid of High-resolution Grid and Plane Featurescited by 36
  10. 2025ReconDreamer++: Harmonizing Generative and Reconstructive Models for Driving Scene Representationcited by 36
  11. 2023Control4D: Efficient 4D Portrait Editing with Textcited by 32
  12. 2023CoGS: Controllable Gaussian Splattingcited by 32
  13. 2024Omni-Scene: Omni-Gaussian Representation for Ego-Centric Sparse-View Scene Reconstructioncited by 32
  14. 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstructioncited by 31
  15. 2024Robust Dual Gaussian Splatting for Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videoscited by 30
  16. 2023Learning Neural Duplex Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 28
  17. 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
  18. 2024DN-4DGS: Denoised Deformable Network with Temporal-Spatial Aggregation for Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 28
  19. 2025Gaussian Graph Network: Learning Efficient and Generalizable Gaussian Representations from Multi-view Imagescited by 27
  20. 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 27
  21. 2024WateRF: Robust Watermarks in Radiance Fields for Protection of Copyrightscited by 26
  22. 2024GaussianPrediction: Dynamic 3D Gaussian Prediction for Motion Extrapolation and Free View Synthesiscited by 25
  23. 2025CoDa-4DGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting with Context and Deformation Awareness for Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
  24. 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 24
  25. 2024Rip-NeRF: Anti-aliasing Radiance Fields with Ripmap-Encoded Platonic Solidscited by 23
  26. 2023Drivable Avatar Clothing: Faithful Full-Body Telepresence with Dynamic Clothing Driven by Sparse RGB-D Inputcited by 22
  27. 2023VideoRF: Rendering Dynamic Radiance Fields as 2D Feature Video Streamscited by 22
  28. 2024GPS-Gaussian+: Generalizable Pixel-wise 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Human-Scene Rendering from Sparse Viewscited by 22
  29. 2025GUAVA: Generalizable Upper Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 22
  30. 2023BakedAvatar: Baking Neural Fields for Real-Time Head Avatar Synthesiscited by 20
  31. 2024EvGGS: A Collaborative Learning Framework for Event-based Generalizable Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
  32. 2024PKU-DyMVHumans: A Multi-View Video Benchmark for High-Fidelity Dynamic Human Modelingcited by 18
  33. 2023FineRecon: Depth-aware Feed-forward Network for Detailed 3D Reconstructioncited by 17
  34. 2023ConsistentNeRF: Enhancing Neural Radiance Fields with 3D Consistency for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 17
  35. 2025Diffuman4D: 4D Consistent Human View Synthesis from Sparse-View Videos with Spatio-Temporal Diffusion Modelscited by 17
  36. 2024NeRFs in Robotics: A Surveycited by 16
  37. 2024LEIA: Latent View-invariant Embeddings for Implicit 3D Articulationcited by 16
  38. 2024Quark: Real-time, High-resolution, and General Neural View Synthesiscited by 16

50 most cited of 150 All 150 (JSON)