VCR-GauS: View Consistent Depth-Normal Regularizer for Gaussian Surface Reconstruction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Although 3D Gaussian Splatting has been widely studied because of its realistic and efficient novel-view synthesis, it is still challenging to extract a high-quality surface from the point-based representation. Previous works improve the surface by incorporating geometric priors from the off-the-shelf normal estimator. However, there are two main limitations: 1) Supervising normals rendered from 3D Gaussians effectively updates the rotation parameter but is less effective for other geometric parameters; 2) The inconsistency of predicted normal maps across multiple views may lead to severe reconstruction artifacts. In this paper, we propose a Depth-Normal regularizer that directly couples normal with other geometric parameters, leading to full updates of the geometric parameters from normal regularization. We further propose a confidence term to mitigate inconsistencies of normal predictions across multiple views. Moreover, we also introduce a densification and splitting strategy to regularize the size and distribution of 3D Gaussians for more accurate surface modeling. Compared with Gaussian-based baselines, experiments show that our approach obtains better reconstruction quality and maintains competitive appearance quality at faster training speed and 100+ FPS rendering.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2024.
Builds on
47 of 65 references.
References · 47
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2023Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 3,332
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,076
- 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 996
- 2024Grounded SAM: Assembling Open-World Models for Diverse Visual Taskscited by 929
- 2019The Replica Dataset: A Digital Replica of Indoor Spacescited by 904
35 more
- 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 843
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
- 2018Open3D: A Modern Library for 3D Data Processingcited by 721
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 667
- 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 616
- 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 511
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 470
- 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 468
- 2023Neuralangelo: High-Fidelity Neural Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
- 2021Neural Geometric Level of Detail: Real-time Rendering with Implicit 3D Shapescited by 426
- 2021In-Place Scene Labelling and Understanding with Implicit Scene Representationcited by 415
- 2018DeepVoxels: Learning Persistent 3D Feature Embeddingscited by 405
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 393
- 2024GeoWizard: Unleashing the Diffusion Priors for 3D Geometry Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 286
- 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
- 2019Recurrent MVSNet for High-resolution Multi-view Stereo Depth Inferencecited by 254
- 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 239
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 234
- 2022Geo-Neus: Geometry-Consistent Neural Implicit Surfaces Learning for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 212
- 2024VastGaussian: Vast 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Reconstructioncited by 209
- 2016DeMoN: Depth and Motion Network for Learning Monocular Stereocited by 201
- 2019DIST: Rendering Deep Implicit Signed Distance Function with Differentiable Sphere Tracingcited by 180
- 2017Multi-view Supervision for Single-view Reconstruction via Differentiable Ray Consistencycited by 177
- 2018Escaping Plato's Cave: 3D Shape From Adversarial Renderingcited by 170
- 2021BACON: Band-limited Coordinate Networks for Multiscale Scene Representationcited by 143
- 2023NeuSG: Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splatting Guidancecited by 138
- 2024DN-Splatter: Depth and Normal Priors for Gaussian Splatting and Meshingcited by 138
- 2024Rethinking Inductive Biases for Surface Normal Estimationcited by 124
- 2015Learning to Compare Image Patches via Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 109
- 2020Fast-MVSNet: Sparse-to-Dense Multi-View Stereo With Learned Propagation and Gauss-Newton Refinementcited by 105
- 2020Visibility-aware Multi-view Stereo Networkcited by 98
- 2017OctNetFusion: Learning Depth Fusion from Datacited by 45
- 2023GNeSF: Generalizable Neural Semantic Fieldscited by 9
- 2024GOV-NeSF: Generalizable Open-Vocabulary Neural Semantic Fieldscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 22; 2026: 19.
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- 2025MILo: Mesh-In-the-Loop Gaussian Splatting for Detailed and Efficient Surface Reconstructioncited by 37
- 2025FatesGS: Fast and Accurate Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting with Depth-Feature Consistencycited by 31
- 2025MVSAnywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-View Stereocited by 26
- 2024MAtCha Gaussians: Atlas of Charts for High-Quality Geometry and Photorealism From Sparse Viewscited by 21
- 2025X-Scene: Large-Scale Driving Scene Generation with High Fidelity and Flexible Controllabilitycited by 20
- 2025GeoSVR: Taming Sparse Voxels for Geometrically Accurate Surface Reconstructioncited by 17
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025GauSTAR: Gaussian Surface Tracking and Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2024MonoGSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Gaussian Splatting-Guided Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2025GS-2DGS: Geometrically Supervised 2DGS for Reflective Object Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2024AGS-Mesh: Adaptive Gaussian Splatting and Meshing with Geometric Priors for Indoor Room Reconstruction Using Smartphonescited by 10
38 more
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- 2024GSurf: Learning Signed Distance Fields from Splatting Opaque Gaussians for High-quality 3D Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2025HRGS: Hierarchical Gaussian Splatting for Memory-Efficient High-Resolution 3D Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2025VA-GS: Enhancing the Geometric Representation of Gaussian Splatting via View Alignmentcited by 6
- 2024NFL-BA: Near-Field Light Bundle Adjustment for SLAM in Dynamic Lightingcited by 4
- 2026UrbanGS: A Scalable and Efficient Architecture for Geometrically Accurate Large-Scene Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2026From Blobs to Spokes: High-Fidelity Surface Reconstruction via Oriented Gaussianscited by 4
- 2025IM360: Large-scale Indoor Mapping with 360 Camerascited by 3
- 2026Confidence-Based Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussianscited by 3
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 3
- 2024Spiking GS: Towards High-Accuracy and Low-Cost Surface Reconstruction via Spiking Neuron-based Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025Surf3R: Rapid Surface Reconstruction from Sparse RGB Views in Secondscited by 2
- 2025Robust and High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splatting: Fusing Pose Priors and Geometry Constraints for Texture-Deficient Outdoor Scenescited by 2
- 2025SVRecon: Sparse Voxel Rasterization for Surface Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025Gaussian Set Surface Reconstruction through Per-Gaussian Optimizationcited by 1
- 2025RayletDF: Raylet Distance Fields for Generalizable 3D Surface Reconstruction from Point Clouds or Gaussianscited by 1
- 2025PlanarGS: High-Fidelity Indoor 3D Gaussian Splatting Guided by Vision-Language Planar Priorscited by 1
- 2025TriaGS: Differentiable Triangulation-Guided Geometric Consistency for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026Advancing Structured Priors for Sparse-Voxel Surface Reconstructioncited by 1
- 20263D Gaussian Splatting with Self-Constrained Priors for High Fidelity Surface Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Revisiting Photometric Ambiguity for Accurate Gaussian-Splatting Surface Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026FlowObject: Flow Steering for Bridging Generative Priors and Reconstruction Fidelitycited by 1
- 2024Prism: Semi-Supervised Multi-View Stereo with Monocular Structure Priorscited by 0
- 2025ToF-Splatting: Dense SLAM using Sparse Time-of-Flight Depth and Multi-Frame Integrationcited by 0
- 2025Gaussian Swaying: Surface-Based Framework for Aerodynamic Simulation with 3D Gaussianscited by 0
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracingcited by 0
- 2026360-GeoGS: Geometrically Consistent Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction for 360 Imagescited by 0
- 2026GVGS: Gaussian Visibility-Aware Multi-View Geometry for Accurate Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Nighttime Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstruction with Physically-Based Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Poppy: Polarization-based Plug-and-Play Guidance for Enhancing Monocular Normal Estimationcited by 0
- 2026LightHarmony3D: Harmonizing Illumination and Shadows for Object Insertion in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026PAGaS: Pixel-Aligned 1DoF Gaussian Splatting for Depth Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Gaussian-Voxel Duet: A Dual-Scaffolding Hybrid Representation for Fast and Accurate Monocular Surface Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Robust Dreamer: Deviation-Aware Latent Gaussian Memory for Action-Controlled AR Video Generationcited by 0
- 2026Manifold-GS: Certified Hybrid Assets via Varifold-Conservative Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Surfsvr: 2D Surface Priors as 3D Geometric Regularizers for Sparse Voxel Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026TV-SGS: Gaussian Splatting with Geometric Information Propagation via Tensor Voting under sparse viewscited by 0
- 2026TV-SGS: Gaussian Splatting with Geometric Information Propagation via Tensor Voting under sparse views7 Sep 2026
- 2026Surfsvr: 2D Surface Priors as 3D Geometric Regularizers for Sparse Voxel Reconstruction12 Aug 2026
- 2026Manifold-GS: Certified Hybrid Assets via Varifold-Conservative Gaussian Splatting31 Jul 2026
- 2026FlowObject: Flow Steering for Bridging Generative Priors and Reconstruction Fidelity17 Jun 2026
- 2026Robust Dreamer: Deviation-Aware Latent Gaussian Memory for Action-Controlled AR Video Generation29 May 2026
- 2026Gaussian-Voxel Duet: A Dual-Scaffolding Hybrid Representation for Fast and Accurate Monocular Surface Reconstruction26 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting Photometric Ambiguity for Accurate Gaussian-Splatting Surface Reconstruction12 May 2026
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAM24 Apr 2026
- 2026PAGaS: Pixel-Aligned 1DoF Gaussian Splatting for Depth Refinement24 Apr 2026
- 2026From Blobs to Spokes: High-Fidelity Surface Reconstruction via Oriented Gaussians8 Apr 2026
- 2026LightHarmony3D: Harmonizing Illumination and Shadows for Object Insertion in 3D Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2026
- 2026Poppy: Polarization-based Plug-and-Play Guidance for Enhancing Monocular Normal Estimation29 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Confidence-Based Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussians25 Mar 2026
- 20263D Gaussian Splatting with Self-Constrained Priors for High Fidelity Surface Reconstruction20 Mar 2026
- 2026Nighttime Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstruction with Physically-Based Gaussian Splatting14 Feb 2026
- 2026UrbanGS: A Scalable and Efficient Architecture for Geometrically Accurate Large-Scene Reconstruction2 Feb 2026
- 2026GVGS: Gaussian Visibility-Aware Multi-View Geometry for Accurate Surface Reconstruction28 Jan 2026
- 2026Advancing Structured Priors for Sparse-Voxel Surface Reconstruction25 Jan 2026
- 2026360-GeoGS: Geometrically Consistent Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction for 360 Images5 Jan 2026
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracing10 Dec 2025
- 2025TriaGS: Differentiable Triangulation-Guided Geometric Consistency for 3D Gaussian Splatting6 Dec 2025
- 2025Gaussian Swaying: Surface-Based Framework for Aerodynamic Simulation with 3D Gaussians1 Dec 2025
- 2025SVRecon: Sparse Voxel Rasterization for Surface Reconstruction21 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust and High-Fidelity 3D Gaussian Splatting: Fusing Pose Priors and Geometry Constraints for Texture-Deficient Outdoor Scenes10 Nov 2025
- 2025PlanarGS: High-Fidelity Indoor 3D Gaussian Splatting Guided by Vision-Language Planar Priors27 Oct 2025
- 2025VA-GS: Enhancing the Geometric Representation of Gaussian Splatting via View Alignment13 Oct 2025
- 2025GeoSVR: Taming Sparse Voxels for Geometrically Accurate Surface Reconstruction22 Sep 2025
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting25 Aug 2025
- 2025RayletDF: Raylet Distance Fields for Generalizable 3D Surface Reconstruction from Point Clouds or Gaussians13 Aug 2025
- 2025Surf3R: Rapid Surface Reconstruction from Sparse RGB Views in Seconds6 Aug 2025
- 2025Gaussian Set Surface Reconstruction through Per-Gaussian Optimization25 Jul 2025
- 2025MILo: Mesh-In-the-Loop Gaussian Splatting for Detailed and Efficient Surface Reconstruction30 Jun 2025
- 2025HRGS: Hierarchical Gaussian Splatting for Memory-Efficient High-Resolution 3D Reconstruction17 Jun 2025
- 2025X-Scene: Large-Scale Driving Scene Generation with High Fidelity and Flexible Controllability16 Jun 2025
- 2025GS-2DGS: Geometrically Supervised 2DGS for Reflective Object Reconstruction16 Jun 2025
- 2025ToF-Splatting: Dense SLAM using Sparse Time-of-Flight Depth and Multi-Frame Integration23 Apr 2025
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstruction29 Mar 2025
- 2025MVSAnywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-View Stereo28 Mar 2025
- 2025IM360: Large-scale Indoor Mapping with 360 Cameras18 Feb 2025
- 2025GauSTAR: Gaussian Surface Tracking and Reconstruction17 Jan 2025
- 2025FatesGS: Fast and Accurate Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting with Depth-Feature Consistency8 Jan 2025
- 2024NFL-BA: Near-Field Light Bundle Adjustment for SLAM in Dynamic Lighting17 Dec 2024
- 2024MAtCha Gaussians: Atlas of Charts for High-Quality Geometry and Photorealism From Sparse Views9 Dec 2024
- 2024Prism: Semi-Supervised Multi-View Stereo with Monocular Structure Priors8 Dec 2024
- 2024AGS-Mesh: Adaptive Gaussian Splatting and Meshing with Geometric Priors for Indoor Room Reconstruction Using Smartphones28 Nov 2024
- 2024GLS: Geometry-aware 3D Language Gaussian Splatting27 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoGSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Gaussian Splatting-Guided Implicit Surface Reconstruction25 Nov 2024
- 2024GSurf: Learning Signed Distance Fields from Splatting Opaque Gaussians for High-quality 3D Reconstruction24 Nov 2024
- 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splatting15 Nov 2024
- 2024Spiking GS: Towards High-Accuracy and Low-Cost Surface Reconstruction via Spiking Neuron-based Gaussian Splatting9 Oct 2024
- 2025MILo: Mesh-In-the-Loop Gaussian Splatting for Detailed and Efficient Surface Reconstructioncited by 37
- 2025FatesGS: Fast and Accurate Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting with Depth-Feature Consistencycited by 31
- 2025MVSAnywhere: Zero-Shot Multi-View Stereocited by 26
- 2024MAtCha Gaussians: Atlas of Charts for High-Quality Geometry and Photorealism From Sparse Viewscited by 21
- 2025GeoSVR: Taming Sparse Voxels for Geometrically Accurate Surface Reconstructioncited by 17
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025GauSTAR: Gaussian Surface Tracking and Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2024MonoGSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Gaussian Splatting-Guided Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2025GS-2DGS: Geometrically Supervised 2DGS for Reflective Object Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2024AGS-Mesh: Adaptive Gaussian Splatting and Meshing with Geometric Priors for Indoor Room Reconstruction Using Smartphonescited by 10
- 2024GLS: Geometry-aware 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 9
12 most cited of 48 All 48 (JSON)
- 2026TV-SGS: Gaussian Splatting with Geometric Information Propagation via Tensor Voting under sparse views7 Sep 2026
- 2026Surfsvr: 2D Surface Priors as 3D Geometric Regularizers for Sparse Voxel Reconstruction12 Aug 2026
- 2026Manifold-GS: Certified Hybrid Assets via Varifold-Conservative Gaussian Splatting31 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Dreamer: Deviation-Aware Latent Gaussian Memory for Action-Controlled AR Video Generation29 May 2026
- 2026Gaussian-Voxel Duet: A Dual-Scaffolding Hybrid Representation for Fast and Accurate Monocular Surface Reconstruction26 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting Photometric Ambiguity for Accurate Gaussian-Splatting Surface Reconstruction12 May 2026
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAM24 Apr 2026
- 2026PAGaS: Pixel-Aligned 1DoF Gaussian Splatting for Depth Refinement24 Apr 2026
- 2026From Blobs to Spokes: High-Fidelity Surface Reconstruction via Oriented Gaussians8 Apr 2026
- 2026LightHarmony3D: Harmonizing Illumination and Shadows for Object Insertion in 3D Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2026
- 2026Poppy: Polarization-based Plug-and-Play Guidance for Enhancing Monocular Normal Estimation29 Mar 2026
- 2026Confidence-Based Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussians25 Mar 2026
12 newest of 48 All 48 (JSON)