Real-Time Neural Rasterization for Large Scenes
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a new method for realistic real-time novel-view synthesis (NVS) of large scenes. Existing neural rendering methods generate realistic results, but primarily work for small scale scenes (<50 square meters) and have difficulty at large scale (>10000 square meters). Traditional graphics-based rasterization rendering is fast for large scenes but lacks realism and requires expensive manually created assets. Our approach combines the best of both worlds by taking a moderate-quality scaffold mesh as input and learning a neural texture field and shader to model view-dependant effects to enhance realism, while still using the standard graphics pipeline for real-time rendering. Our method outperforms existing neural rendering methods, providing at least 30x faster rendering with comparable or better realism for large self-driving and drone scenes. Our work is the first to enable real-time rendering of large real-world scenes.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2023.
Builds on
52 of 73 references.
References · 52
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- 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
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- 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
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- 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
- 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 326
- 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
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50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 23; 2025: 11; 2026: 2.
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- 2024A Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Representation for Real-Time Rendering of Very Large Datasetscited by 214
- 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
- 2023SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Explorationcited by 62
- 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Priorcited by 36
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
- 2024Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenescited by 30
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- 2025DRAWER: Digital Reconstruction and Articulation With Environment Realismcited by 29
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- 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025HoloScene: Simulation-Ready Interactive 3D Worlds from a Single Videocited by 13
- 2024HGS-Mapping: Online Dense Mapping Using Hybrid Gaussian Representation in Urban Scenescited by 11
- 2024TCLC-GS: Tightly Coupled LiDAR-Camera Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 8
- 2024UrbanCAD: Towards Highly Controllable and Photorealistic 3D Vehicles for Urban Scene Simulationcited by 7
- 2025Flux4D: Flow-based Unsupervised 4D Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2024XScale-NVS: Cross-Scale Novel View Synthesis with Hash Featurized Manifoldcited by 6
- 2025FlexDrive: Toward Trajectory Flexibility in Driving Scene Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 4
- 2024Gated Fields: Learning Scene Reconstruction from Gated Videoscited by 3
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- 2025FreeDriveRF: Monocular RGB Dynamic NeRF without Poses for Autonomous Driving via Point-Level Dynamic-Static Decouplingcited by 3
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- 2026LR-SGS: Robust LiDAR-Reflectance-Guided Salient Gaussian Splatting for Self-Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulationcited by 0
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulation2 Jun 2026
- 2026LR-SGS: Robust LiDAR-Reflectance-Guided Salient Gaussian Splatting for Self-Driving Scene Reconstruction13 Mar 2026
- 2025Flux4D: Flow-based Unsupervised 4D Reconstruction2 Dec 2025
- 2025HoloScene: Simulation-Ready Interactive 3D Worlds from a Single Video7 Oct 2025
- 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editing19 Sep 2025
- 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Time24 Jul 2025
- 2025FreeDriveRF: Monocular RGB Dynamic NeRF without Poses for Autonomous Driving via Point-Level Dynamic-Static Decoupling14 May 2025
- 2025DRAWER: Digital Reconstruction and Articulation With Environment Realism21 Apr 2025
- 2025NeRFlex: Resource-aware Real-time High-quality Rendering of Complex Scenes on Mobile Devices4 Apr 2025
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streaming11 Mar 2025
- 2025CoDa-4DGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting with Context and Deformation Awareness for Autonomous Driving9 Mar 2025
- 2025FlexDrive: Toward Trajectory Flexibility in Driving Scene Reconstruction and Rendering28 Feb 2025
25 more
- 2025IM360: Large-scale Indoor Mapping with 360 Cameras18 Feb 2025
- 2024FreeSim: Toward Free-viewpoint Camera Simulation in Driving Scenes4 Dec 2024
- 2024Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenes2 Dec 2024
- 2024UrbanCAD: Towards Highly Controllable and Photorealistic 3D Vehicles for Urban Scene Simulation28 Nov 2024
- 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splatting23 Nov 2024
- 2024MeshGS: Adaptive Mesh-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for High-Quality Rendering11 Oct 2024
- 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstruction28 Sep 2024
- 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splatting19 Sep 2024
- 2024KRONC: Keypoint-based Robust Camera Optimization for 3D Car Reconstruction9 Sep 2024
- 2024GGS: Generalizable Gaussian Splatting for Lane Switching in Autonomous Driving4 Sep 2024
- 2024A Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Representation for Real-Time Rendering of Very Large Datasets17 Jun 2024
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Driving30 May 2024
- 2024Gated Fields: Learning Scene Reconstruction from Gated Videos30 May 2024
- 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radar7 May 2024
- 2024LidaRF: Delving into Lidar for Neural Radiance Field on Street Scenes1 May 2024
- 2024Video2Game: Real-time, Interactive, Realistic and Browser-Compatible Environment from a Single Video15 Apr 2024
- 2024Oblique-MERF: Revisiting and Improving MERF for Oblique Photography15 Apr 2024
- 2024Urban Architect: Steerable 3D Urban Scene Generation with Layout Prior10 Apr 2024
- 2024TCLC-GS: Tightly Coupled LiDAR-Camera Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving3 Apr 2024
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environments29 Mar 2024
- 2024HGS-Mapping: Online Dense Mapping Using Hybrid Gaussian Representation in Urban Scenes29 Mar 2024
- 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Prior29 Mar 2024
- 2024XScale-NVS: Cross-Scale Novel View Synthesis with Hash Featurized Manifold28 Mar 2024
- 2023SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Exploration12 Dec 2023
- 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
- 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Priorcited by 36
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
- 2024FreeSim: Toward Free-viewpoint Camera Simulation in Driving Scenescited by 30
- 2024FreeSim: Toward Free-viewpoint Camera Simulation in Driving Scenes4 Dec 2024
- 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areas5 Jun 2024
- 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Driving30 May 2024
- 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Prior29 Mar 2024
- 2024A Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Representation for Real-Time Rendering of Very Large Datasetscited by 214
- 2023SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Explorationcited by 62
- 2024Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenescited by 30
- 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstructioncited by 29
- 2025DRAWER: Digital Reconstruction and Articulation With Environment Realismcited by 29
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 27
- 2024Video2Game: Real-time, Interactive, Realistic and Browser-Compatible Environment from a Single Videocited by 26
- 2024MeshGS: Adaptive Mesh-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for High-Quality Renderingcited by 19
- 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radarcited by 18
- 2024GGS: Generalizable Gaussian Splatting for Lane Switching in Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2024LidaRF: Delving into Lidar for Neural Radiance Field on Street Scenescited by 14
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulation2 Jun 2026
- 2026LR-SGS: Robust LiDAR-Reflectance-Guided Salient Gaussian Splatting for Self-Driving Scene Reconstruction13 Mar 2026
- 2025Flux4D: Flow-based Unsupervised 4D Reconstruction2 Dec 2025
- 2025HoloScene: Simulation-Ready Interactive 3D Worlds from a Single Video7 Oct 2025
- 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editing19 Sep 2025
- 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Time24 Jul 2025
- 2025FreeDriveRF: Monocular RGB Dynamic NeRF without Poses for Autonomous Driving via Point-Level Dynamic-Static Decoupling14 May 2025
- 2025DRAWER: Digital Reconstruction and Articulation With Environment Realism21 Apr 2025
- 2025NeRFlex: Resource-aware Real-time High-quality Rendering of Complex Scenes on Mobile Devices4 Apr 2025
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streaming11 Mar 2025
- 2025FlexDrive: Toward Trajectory Flexibility in Driving Scene Reconstruction and Rendering28 Feb 2025
- 2025IM360: Large-scale Indoor Mapping with 360 Cameras18 Feb 2025
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)