mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Real-Time Neural Rasterization for Large Scenes

arXiv 2311.05607 ↗First posted 9 Nov 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.GRcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a new method for realistic real-time novel-view synthesis (NVS) of large scenes. Existing neural rendering methods generate realistic results, but primarily work for small scale scenes (<50 square meters) and have difficulty at large scale (>10000 square meters). Traditional graphics-based rasterization rendering is fast for large scenes but lacks realism and requires expensive manually created assets. Our approach combines the best of both worlds by taking a moderate-quality scaffold mesh as input and learning a neural texture field and shader to model view-dependant effects to enhance realism, while still using the standard graphics pipeline for real-time rendering. Our method outperforms existing neural rendering methods, providing at least 30x faster rendering with comparable or better realism for large self-driving and drone scenes. Our work is the first to enable real-time rendering of large real-world scenes.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2023.

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52 of 73 references.

References · 52

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  2. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
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  8. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
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38 more
  1. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  2. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  3. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  4. 2019Differentiable Volumetric Rendering: Learning Implicit 3D Representations without 3D Supervisioncited by 699
  5. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  6. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  7. 2021KITTI-360: A Novel Dataset and Benchmarks for Urban Scene Understanding in 2D and 3Dcited by 570
  8. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  9. 2021Habitat 2.0: Training Home Assistants to Rearrange their Habitatcited by 501
  10. 2019BlendedMVS: A Large-scale Dataset for Generalized Multi-view Stereo Networkscited by 487
  11. 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 467
  12. 2021Baking Neural Radiance Fields for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 465
  13. 2021Mega-NeRF: Scalable Construction of Large-Scale NeRFs for Virtual Fly-Throughscited by 396
  14. 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 326
  15. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
  16. 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 294
  17. 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
  18. 2021Urban Radiance Fieldscited by 263
  19. 2019DeepView: View Synthesis with Learned Gradient Descentcited by 253
  20. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  21. 2020Free View Synthesiscited by 231
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  23. 2023BakedSDF: Meshing Neural SDFs for Real-Time View Synthesiscited by 220
  24. 2023MERF: Memory-Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-time View Synthesis in Unbounded Scenescited by 215
  25. 2021PandaSet: Advanced Sensor Suite Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 186
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  27. 2021Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Videocited by 150
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  33. 2020MatryODShka: Real-time 6DoF Video View Synthesis using Multi-Sphere Imagescited by 64
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  38. 2023CADSim: Robust and Scalable in-the-wild 3D Reconstruction for Controllable Sensor Simulationcited by 26

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 23; 2025: 11; 2026: 2.

37 papers.

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  1. 2024A Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Representation for Real-Time Rendering of Very Large Datasetscited by 214
  2. 2024textitS3Gaussian: Self-Supervised Street Gaussians for Autonomous Drivingcited by 105
  3. 2023SMERF: Streamable Memory Efficient Radiance Fields for Real-Time Large-Scene Explorationcited by 62
  4. 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Priorcited by 36
  5. 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
  6. 2024Horizon-GS: Unified 3D Gaussian Splatting for Large-Scale Aerial-to-Ground Scenescited by 30
  7. 2024FreeSim: Toward Free-viewpoint Camera Simulation in Driving Scenescited by 30
  8. 2024G3R: Gradient Guided Generalizable Reconstructioncited by 29
  9. 2025DRAWER: Digital Reconstruction and Articulation With Environment Realismcited by 29
  10. 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 27
  11. 2024Video2Game: Real-time, Interactive, Realistic and Browser-Compatible Environment from a Single Videocited by 26
  12. 2025CoDa-4DGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting with Context and Deformation Awareness for Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
25 more
  1. 2024MeshGS: Adaptive Mesh-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for High-Quality Renderingcited by 19
  2. 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radarcited by 18
  3. 2024Urban Architect: Steerable 3D Urban Scene Generation with Layout Priorcited by 17
  4. 2024GGS: Generalizable Gaussian Splatting for Lane Switching in Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
  5. 2024Hier-SLAM: Scaling-up Semantics in SLAM with a Hierarchically Categorical Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  6. 2024LidaRF: Delving into Lidar for Neural Radiance Field on Street Scenescited by 14
  7. 2024EMD: Explicit Motion Modeling for High-Quality Street Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
  8. 2025HoloScene: Simulation-Ready Interactive 3D Worlds from a Single Videocited by 13
  9. 2024HGS-Mapping: Online Dense Mapping Using Hybrid Gaussian Representation in Urban Scenescited by 11
  10. 2024TCLC-GS: Tightly Coupled LiDAR-Camera Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
  11. 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 8
  12. 2024UrbanCAD: Towards Highly Controllable and Photorealistic 3D Vehicles for Urban Scene Simulationcited by 7
  13. 2025Flux4D: Flow-based Unsupervised 4D Reconstructioncited by 7
  14. 2024XScale-NVS: Cross-Scale Novel View Synthesis with Hash Featurized Manifoldcited by 6
  15. 2025FlexDrive: Toward Trajectory Flexibility in Driving Scene Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 4
  16. 2024Gated Fields: Learning Scene Reconstruction from Gated Videoscited by 3
  17. 2025IM360: Large-scale Indoor Mapping with 360 Camerascited by 3
  18. 2025FreeDriveRF: Monocular RGB Dynamic NeRF without Poses for Autonomous Driving via Point-Level Dynamic-Static Decouplingcited by 3
  19. 2025SaLF: Sparse Local Fields for Multi-Sensor Rendering in Real-Timecited by 3
  20. 2024Oblique-MERF: Revisiting and Improving MERF for Oblique Photographycited by 2
  21. 2025Neural Atlas Graphs for Dynamic Scene Decomposition and Editingcited by 2
  22. 2024KRONC: Keypoint-based Robust Camera Optimization for 3D Car Reconstructioncited by 1
  23. 2025NeRFlex: Resource-aware Real-time High-quality Rendering of Complex Scenes on Mobile Devicescited by 1
  24. 2026LR-SGS: Robust LiDAR-Reflectance-Guided Salient Gaussian Splatting for Self-Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 0
  25. 2026SparseStreet: Sparse Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Street Scene Simulationcited by 0