MuRF: Multi-Baseline Radiance Fields
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present Multi-Baseline Radiance Fields (MuRF), a general feed-forward approach to solving sparse view synthesis under multiple different baseline settings (small and large baselines, and different number of input views). To render a target novel view, we discretize the 3D space into planes parallel to the target image plane, and accordingly construct a target view frustum volume. Such a target volume representation is spatially aligned with the target view, which effectively aggregates relevant information from the input views for high-quality rendering. It also facilitates subsequent radiance field regression with a convolutional network thanks to its axis-aligned nature. The 3D context modeled by the convolutional network enables our method to synthesis sharper scene structures than prior works. Our MuRF achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple different baseline settings and diverse scenarios ranging from simple objects (DTU) to complex indoor and outdoor scenes (RealEstate10K and LLFF). We also show promising zero-shot generalization abilities on the Mip-NeRF 360 dataset, demonstrating the general applicability of MuRF.
Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2023.
Builds on
31 of 37 references.
References · 31
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
- 2018SlowFast Networks for Video Recognitioncited by 1,862
- 2020pixelNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields from One or Few Imagescited by 1,574
- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 2016Real-Time Single Image and Video Super-Resolution Using an Efficient Sub-Pixel Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 1,199
19 more
- 2017A Closer Look at Spatiotemporal Convolutions for Action Recognitioncited by 1,139
- 2021MVSNeRF: Fast Generalizable Radiance Field Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 735
- 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 614
- 2021Putting NeRF on a Diet: Semantically Consistent Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 464
- 2021GMFlow: Learning Optical Flow via Global Matchingcited by 324
- 2022Unifying Flow, Stereo and Depth Estimationcited by 270
- 2019Group-wise Correlation Stereo Networkcited by 235
- 2021Scene Representation Transformer: Geometry-Free Novel View Synthesis Through Set-Latent Scene Representationscited by 222
- 2021GeoNeRF: Generalizing NeRF with Geometry Priorscited by 195
- 2022SPARF: Neural Radiance Fields from Sparse and Noisy Posescited by 195
- 2021Neural Rays for Occlusion-aware Image-based Renderingcited by 192
- 2021Stereo Radiance Fields (SRF): Learning View Synthesis for Sparse Views of Novel Scenescited by 190
- 2021Efficient Neural Radiance Fields for Interactive Free-viewpoint Videocited by 150
- 2023DiffusioNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields with Denoising Diffusion Modelscited by 127
- 2022Generalizable Patch-Based Neural Renderingcited by 121
- 2022Is Attention All That NeRF Needs?cited by 113
- 2023Learning to Render Novel Views from Wide-Baseline Stereo Pairscited by 103
- 2020Visibility-aware Multi-view Stereo Networkcited by 97
- 2023Explicit Correspondence Matching for Generalizable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 46
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 21; 2025: 32; 2026: 17.
70 papers.
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- 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 626
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 275
- 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 241
- 2024ReconX: Reconstruct Any Scene from Sparse Views with Video Diffusion Modelcited by 139
- 2024Flash3D: Feed-Forward Generalisable 3D Scene Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 113
- 2024MVSplat360: Feed-Forward 360 Scene Synthesis from Sparse Viewscited by 111
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scalecited by 65
- 2024PF3plat: Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 60
- 2024HiSplat: Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Sparse-View Reconstructioncited by 55
- 2024LaRa: Efficient Large-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 54
- 2024Feed-Forward Bullet-Time Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes from Monocular Videoscited by 48
38 more
- 2024Binocular-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting with View Consistency for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 41
- 2025GenFusion: Closing the Loop between Reconstruction and Generation via Videoscited by 41
- 2024Omni-Scene: Omni-Gaussian Representation for Ego-Centric Sparse-View Scene Reconstructioncited by 32
- 2025ZPressor: Bottleneck-Aware Compression for Scalable Feed-Forward 3DGScited by 29
- 2025StarGen: A Spatiotemporal Autoregression Framework with Video Diffusion Model for Scalable and Controllable Scene Generationcited by 26
- 2024Splatter-360: Generalizable 360circ Gaussian Splatting for Wide-baseline Panoramic Imagescited by 23
- 2024PanSplat: 4K Panorama Synthesis with Feed-Forward Gaussian Splattingcited by 23
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Surveycited by 23
- 2025EVolSplat: Efficient Volume-based Gaussian Splatting for Urban View Synthesiscited by 20
- 2024Generative Densification: Learning to Densify Gaussians for High-Fidelity Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 18
- 2025iLRM: An Iterative Large 3D Reconstruction Modelcited by 18
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussianscited by 18
- 2025SpatialCrafter: Unleashing the Imagination of Video Diffusion Models for Scene Reconstruction from Limited Observationscited by 16
- 2025VicaSplat: A Single Run is All You Need for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Camera Estimation from Unposed Video Framescited by 15
- 2025MonoSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Depth Foundation Modelscited by 15
- 2025SpatialSplat: Efficient Semantic 3D from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 13
- 2026TokenSplat: Token-aligned 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-forward Pose-free Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2024PBR-NeRF: Inverse Rendering with Physics-Based Neural Fieldscited by 12
- 2025Zero-Shot Novel View and Depth Synthesis with Multi-View Geometric Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025ReSplat: Learning Recurrent Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimizationcited by 10
- 2026GlobalSplat: Efficient Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Global Scene Tokenscited by 10
- 2025UniSplat: Unified Spatio-Temporal Fusion via 3D Latent Scaffolds for Dynamic Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2024Efficient Depth-Guided Urban View Synthesiscited by 7
- 2024AIM 2024 Sparse Neural Rendering Challenge: Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 6
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2025TinySplat: Feedforward Approach for Generating Compact 3D Scene Representationcited by 5
- 2025SPFSplatV2: Efficient Self-Supervised Pose-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Viewscited by 5
- 2024EVA-Gaussian: 3D Gaussian-based Real-time Human Novel View Synthesis under Diverse Multi-view Camera Settingscited by 4
- 2026IDESplat: Iterative Depth Probability Estimation for Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
- 2025Uncertainty-Aware Diffusion Guided Refinement of 3D Scenescited by 3
- 2025Depth-Guided Bundle Sampling for Efficient Generalizable Neural Radiance Field Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025GoLF-NRT: Integrating Global Context and Local Geometry for Few-Shot View Synthesiscited by 2
- 2025JointSplat: Probabilistic Joint Flow-Depth Optimization for Sparse-View Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025H3R: Hybrid Multi-view Correspondence for Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025HART: Human Aligned Reconstruction Transformercited by 2
- 2025GauDP: Reinventing Multi-Agent Collaboration through Gaussian-Image Synergy in Diffusion Policiescited by 2
- 2025Edit3r: Instant 3D Scene Editing from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 2
50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026VS-Splat: Voxel-Selective feed-forward Gaussian Splatting for end-to-end 3D object reconstruction from sparse-views11 Sep 2026
- 2026Seeing the Unseen: Semantic-in-Gaussian for Sparse-View 3D Generalization24 Aug 2026
- 2026Visual Geometry Foundation-Aware Gaussians for Single-Frame Surround-View Driving Reconstruction11 Aug 2026
- 2026UniqueSplat: View-conditioned 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable 3D Reconstruction3 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Isolated Objects: Relationship-aware Open Vocabulary Scene Understanding via 3D Scene Graph Analysis6 Jul 2026
- 2026Targeted Structure Completion for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving6 Jul 2026
- 2026RoSplat: Robust Feed-Forward Pixel-wise Gaussian Splatting for Varying Input Views and High-Resolution Rendering13 May 2026
- 2026FluSplat: Sparse-View 3D Editing without Test-Time Optimization21 Apr 2026
- 2026MU-GeNeRF: Multi-view Uncertainty-guided Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields for Distractor-aware Scene20 Apr 2026
- 2026GlobalSplat: Efficient Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Global Scene Tokens16 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning 3D Representations for Spatial Intelligence from Unposed Multi-View Images12 Apr 2026
- 2026GRVS: a Generalizable and Recurrent Approach to Monocular Dynamic View Synthesis31 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026From None to All: Self-Supervised 3D Reconstruction via Novel View Synthesis29 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-Domain Representation Alignment: Bridging 2D and 3D Vision via Geometry-Aware Architecture Search20 Mar 2026
- 2026TokenSplat: Token-aligned 3D Gaussian Splatting for Feed-forward Pose-free Reconstruction28 Feb 2026
- 2026studentSplat: Your Student Model Learns Single-view 3D Gaussian Splatting16 Jan 2026
- 2026IDESplat: Iterative Depth Probability Estimation for Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting7 Jan 2026
- 2025Edit3r: Instant 3D Scene Editing from Sparse Unposed Images31 Dec 2025
- 2025C3G: Learning Compact 3D Representations with 2K Gaussians3 Dec 2025
- 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Views13 Nov 2025
- 2025UniSplat: Unified Spatio-Temporal Fusion via 3D Latent Scaffolds for Dynamic Driving Scene Reconstruction6 Nov 2025
- 2025GauDP: Reinventing Multi-Agent Collaboration through Gaussian-Image Synergy in Diffusion Policies2 Nov 2025
- 2025ReSplat: Learning Recurrent Gaussian Splatting9 Oct 2025
- 2025HART: Human Aligned Reconstruction Transformer30 Sep 2025
- 2025SPFSplatV2: Efficient Self-Supervised Pose-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Views21 Sep 2025
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting25 Aug 2025
- 2025MuGS: Multi-Baseline Generalizable Gaussian Splatting Reconstruction6 Aug 2025
- 2025H3R: Hybrid Multi-view Correspondence for Generalizable 3D Reconstruction5 Aug 2025
- 2025iLRM: An Iterative Large 3D Reconstruction Model31 Jul 2025
- 2025Advances in Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction and View Synthesis: A Survey19 Jul 2025
- 2025CL-Splats: Continual Learning of Gaussian Splatting with Local Optimization26 Jun 2025
- 2025PointGS: Point Attention-Aware Sparse View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting12 Jun 2025
- 2025The Less You Depend, The More You Learn: Synthesizing Novel Views from Sparse, Unposed Images with Minimal 3D Knowledge11 Jun 2025
- 2025TinySplat: Feedforward Approach for Generating Compact 3D Scene Representation11 Jun 2025
- 2025JointSplat: Probabilistic Joint Flow-Depth Optimization for Sparse-View Gaussian Splatting4 Jun 2025
- 2025ZPressor: Bottleneck-Aware Compression for Scalable Feed-Forward 3DGS29 May 2025
- 2025SpatialSplat: Efficient Semantic 3D from Sparse Unposed Images29 May 2025
- 2025GoLF-NRT: Integrating Global Context and Local Geometry for Few-Shot View Synthesis26 May 2025
- 2025Depth-Guided Bundle Sampling for Efficient Generalizable Neural Radiance Field Reconstruction26 May 2025
- 2025Geometry-guided Online 3D Video Synthesis with Multi-View Temporal Consistency25 May 2025
- 2025MonoSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Depth Foundation Models21 May 2025
- 2025SpatialCrafter: Unleashing the Imagination of Video Diffusion Models for Scene Reconstruction from Limited Observations17 May 2025
- 2025GenFusion: Closing the Loop between Reconstruction and Generation via Videos27 Mar 2025
- 2025EVolSplat: Efficient Volume-based Gaussian Splatting for Urban View Synthesis26 Mar 2025
- 2025Uncertainty-Aware Diffusion Guided Refinement of 3D Scenes19 Mar 2025
- 2025VicaSplat: A Single Run is All You Need for 3D Gaussian Splatting and Camera Estimation from Unposed Video Frames13 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Novel View and Depth Synthesis with Multi-View Geometric Diffusion30 Jan 2025
- 2025UVRM: A Scalable 3D Reconstruction Model from Unposed Videos16 Jan 2025
- 2025StarGen: A Spatiotemporal Autoregression Framework with Video Diffusion Model for Scalable and Controllable Scene Generation10 Jan 2025
- 2024PanSplat: 4K Panorama Synthesis with Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting16 Dec 2024
50 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2024ReconX: Reconstruct Any Scene from Sparse Views with Video Diffusion Modelcited by 139
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scalecited by 65
- 2025StarGen: A Spatiotemporal Autoregression Framework with Video Diffusion Model for Scalable and Controllable Scene Generationcited by 26
- 2025SpatialCrafter: Unleashing the Imagination of Video Diffusion Models for Scene Reconstruction from Limited Observationscited by 16
- 2025GauDP: Reinventing Multi-Agent Collaboration through Gaussian-Image Synergy in Diffusion Policiescited by 2
- 2025GauDP: Reinventing Multi-Agent Collaboration through Gaussian-Image Synergy in Diffusion Policies2 Nov 2025
- 2025SpatialCrafter: Unleashing the Imagination of Video Diffusion Models for Scene Reconstruction from Limited Observations17 May 2025
- 2025StarGen: A Spatiotemporal Autoregression Framework with Video Diffusion Model for Scalable and Controllable Scene Generation10 Jan 2025
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scale9 Dec 2024
- 2024ReconX: Reconstruct Any Scene from Sparse Views with Video Diffusion Model29 Aug 2024
- 2025Depth Anything 3: Recovering the Visual Space from Any Viewscited by 626
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 553
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 275
- 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 241
- 2024Flash3D: Feed-Forward Generalisable 3D Scene Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 113
- 2024MVSplat360: Feed-Forward 360 Scene Synthesis from Sparse Viewscited by 111
- 2024PF3plat: Pose-Free Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 60
- 2024HiSplat: Hierarchical 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Sparse-View Reconstructioncited by 55
- 2024LaRa: Efficient Large-Baseline Radiance Fieldscited by 54
- 2024Feed-Forward Bullet-Time Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes from Monocular Videoscited by 48
- 2024Binocular-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting with View Consistency for Sparse View Synthesiscited by 41
- 2025GenFusion: Closing the Loop between Reconstruction and Generation via Videoscited by 41
12 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026VS-Splat: Voxel-Selective feed-forward Gaussian Splatting for end-to-end 3D object reconstruction from sparse-views11 Sep 2026
- 2026Seeing the Unseen: Semantic-in-Gaussian for Sparse-View 3D Generalization24 Aug 2026
- 2026Visual Geometry Foundation-Aware Gaussians for Single-Frame Surround-View Driving Reconstruction11 Aug 2026
- 2026UniqueSplat: View-conditioned 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable 3D Reconstruction3 Aug 2026
- 2026Targeted Structure Completion for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving6 Jul 2026
- 2026RoSplat: Robust Feed-Forward Pixel-wise Gaussian Splatting for Varying Input Views and High-Resolution Rendering13 May 2026
- 2026FluSplat: Sparse-View 3D Editing without Test-Time Optimization21 Apr 2026
- 2026MU-GeNeRF: Multi-view Uncertainty-guided Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields for Distractor-aware Scene20 Apr 2026
- 2026GlobalSplat: Efficient Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting via Global Scene Tokens16 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning 3D Representations for Spatial Intelligence from Unposed Multi-View Images12 Apr 2026
- 2026GRVS: a Generalizable and Recurrent Approach to Monocular Dynamic View Synthesis31 Mar 2026
- 2026From None to All: Self-Supervised 3D Reconstruction via Novel View Synthesis29 Mar 2026
12 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)