mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Revising Densification in Gaussian Splatting

arXiv 2404.06109 ↗First posted 9 Apr 2024cs.CVcited by 127

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we address the limitations of Adaptive Density Control (ADC) in 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), a scene representation method achieving high-quality, photorealistic results for novel view synthesis. ADC has been introduced for automatic 3D point primitive management, controlling densification and pruning, however, with certain limitations in the densification logic. Our main contribution is a more principled, pixel-error driven formulation for density control in 3DGS, leveraging an auxiliary, per-pixel error function as the criterion for densification. We further introduce a mechanism to control the total number of primitives generated per scene and correct a bias in the current opacity handling strategy of ADC during cloning operations. Our approach leads to consistent quality improvements across a variety of benchmark scenes, without sacrificing the method's efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 127 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2024.

Builds on

26 of 32 references.

References · 26

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
  5. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  6. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  7. 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
  8. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
  9. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  10. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  11. 2023SuGaR: Surface-Aligned Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Mesh Reconstruction and High-Quality Mesh Renderingcited by 611
  12. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
14 more
  1. 2023Gaussian Splatting SLAMcited by 410
  2. 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
  3. 2023SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAMcited by 386
  4. 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 368
  5. 2023Compact 3D Gaussian Representation for Radiance Fieldcited by 365
  6. 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
  7. 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
  8. 2024GaussianPro: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Progressive Propagationcited by 199
  9. 2023HUGS: Human Gaussian Splatscited by 154
  10. 2023Gaussian-SLAM: Photo-realistic Dense SLAM with Gaussian Splattingcited by 152
  11. 2023Relightable Gaussian Codec Avatarscited by 126
  12. 2023GART: Gaussian Articulated Template Modelscited by 121
  13. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  14. 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 73

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 35; 2025: 51; 2026: 41.

127 papers.

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  1. 20243D Gaussian Splatting as Markov Chain Monte Carlocited by 210
  2. 2024Taming 3DGS: High-Quality Radiance Fields with Limited Resourcescited by 198
  3. 2024Speedy-Splat: Fast 3D Gaussian Splatting with Sparse Pixels and Sparse Primitivescited by 90
  4. 20243DGS.zip: A survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Compression Methodscited by 66
  5. 2024CityGaussianV2: Efficient and Geometrically Accurate Reconstruction for Large-Scale Scenescited by 48
  6. 2024EVER: Exact Volumetric Ellipsoid Rendering for Real-time View Synthesiscited by 46
  7. 20243DGS-LM: Faster Gaussian-Splatting Optimization with Levenberg-Marquardtcited by 42
  8. 2024Textured Gaussians for Enhanced 3D Scene Appearance Modelingcited by 40
  9. 2025FastGS: Training 3D Gaussian Splatting in 100 Secondscited by 39
  10. 2025Deformable Beta Splattingcited by 38
  11. 2025DashGaussian: Optimizing 3D Gaussian Splatting in 200 Secondscited by 37
  12. 2024Dynamic 3D Gaussian Fields for Urban Areascited by 35
38 more
  1. 2024Effective Rank Analysis and Regularization for Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
  2. 2024Sort-free Gaussian Splatting via Weighted Sum Renderingcited by 27
  3. 2024BillBoard Splatting (BBSplat): Learnable Textured Primitives for Novel View Synthesiscited by 23
  4. 2024GaussianSR: 3D Gaussian Super-Resolution with 2D Diffusion Priorscited by 20
  5. 2024MVGS: Multi-view Regulated Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesiscited by 19
  6. 2024Generative Densification: Learning to Densify Gaussians for High-Fidelity Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 18
  7. 20243D-GSW: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust Watermarkingcited by 17
  8. 2024Poison-splat: Computation Cost Attack on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
  9. 2024Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Satellite Image Photogrammetrycited by 15
  10. 2024AV-GS: Learning Material and Geometry Aware Priors for Novel View Acoustic Synthesiscited by 14
  11. 2024Efficient Scene Modeling via Structure-Aware and Region-Prioritized 3D Gaussianscited by 14
  12. 20253D Student Splatting and Scoopingcited by 14
  13. 2025Steepest Descent Density Control for Compact 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
  14. 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimizationcited by 13
  15. 2024Efficient Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  16. 2024SfM-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting via Hierarchical Trainingcited by 12
  17. 2025Perceptual-GS: Scene-adaptive Perceptual Densification for Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  18. 2024Volumetrically Consistent 3D Gaussian Rasterizationcited by 11
  19. 2025GoDe: Gaussians on Demand for Progressive Level of Detail and Scalable Compressioncited by 11
  20. 2025QuickSplat: Fast 3D Surface Reconstruction via Learned Gaussian Initializationcited by 11
  21. 2025Hybrid 3D-4D Gaussian Splatting for Fast Dynamic Scene Representationcited by 11
  22. 20246DOPE-GS: Online 6D Object Pose Estimation using Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  23. 2025Hardware-Rasterized Ray-Based Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  24. 20253R-GS: Best Practice in Optimizing Camera Poses Along with 3DGScited by 10
  25. 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGScited by 10
  26. 2024Mipmap-GS: Let Gaussians Deform with Scale-specific Mipmap for Anti-aliasing Renderingcited by 9
  27. 2024Improving Gaussian Splatting with Localized Points Managementcited by 8
  28. 2024Turbo-GS: Accelerating 3D Gaussian Fitting for High-Quality Radiance Fieldscited by 8
  29. 2024LiHi-GS: LiDAR-Supervised Gaussian Splatting for Highway Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
  30. 2025UltraGauss: Ultrafast Gaussian Reconstruction of 3D Ultrasound Volumescited by 8
  31. 20253DGEER: 3D Gaussian Rendering Made Exact and Efficient for Generic Camerascited by 8
  32. 2025Off The Grid: Detection of Primitives for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
  33. 2024ResGS: Residual Densification of 3D Gaussian for Efficient Detail Recoverycited by 7
  34. 2025Improving Adaptive Density Control for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
  35. 2025Splat the Net: Radiance Fields with Splattable Neural Primitivescited by 7
  36. 2024Faster and Better 3D Splatting via Group Trainingcited by 6
  37. 2024Topology-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting: Leveraging Persistent Homology for Optimized Structural Integritycited by 6
  38. 2025A Survey on 3D Reconstruction Techniques in Plant Phenotyping: From Classical Methods to Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS), and Beyondcited by 6

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