GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesis
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a method that achieves state-of-the-art rendering quality and efficiency on monocular dynamic scene reconstruction using deformable 3D Gaussians. Implicit deformable representations commonly model motion with a canonical space and time-dependent backward-warping deformation field. Our method, GauFRe, uses a forward-warping deformation to explicitly model non-rigid transformations of scene geometry. Specifically, we propose a template set of 3D Gaussians residing in a canonical space, and a time-dependent forward-warping deformation field to model dynamic objects. Additionally, we tailor a 3D Gaussian-specific static component supported by an inductive bias-aware initialization approach which allows the deformation field to focus on moving scene regions, improving the rendering of complex real-world motion. The differentiable pipeline is optimized end-to-end with a self-supervised rendering loss. Experiments show our method achieves competitive results and higher efficiency than both previous state-of-the-art NeRF and Gaussian-based methods. For real-world scenes, GauFRe can train in ~20 mins and offer 96 FPS real-time rendering on an RTX 3090 GPU. Project website: https://lynl7130.github.io/gaufre/index.html
Key facts. Cited by 95 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2023.
Builds on
53 of 74 references.
References · 53
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- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
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- 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,157
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
- 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
38 more
- 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 746
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
- 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 587
- 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 540
- 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
- 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 476
- 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 471
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
- 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
- 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
- 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 346
- 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 327
- 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 239
- 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
- 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
- 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 214
- 2023Gaussian-Flow: 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic 3D Gaussian Particlecited by 211
- 2023Robust Dynamic Radiance Fieldscited by 194
- 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 190
- 2023HyperReel: High-Fidelity 6-DoF Video with Ray-Conditioned Samplingcited by 174
- 2020Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenes with Globally Coherent Depths from a Monocular Cameracited by 166
- 2022D2NeRF: Self-Supervised Decoupling of Dynamic and Static Objects from a Monocular Videocited by 137
- 2022Mixed Neural Voxels for Fast Multi-view Video Synthesiscited by 127
- 2023DynMF: Neural Motion Factorization for Real-time Dynamic View Synthesis with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 124
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2023NeRF-DS: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Specular Objectscited by 111
- 2022ReLU Fields: The Little Non-linearity That Couldcited by 87
- 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
- 2023Neural Parametric Gaussians for Monocular Non-Rigid Object Reconstructioncited by 61
- 2023Temporal Interpolation Is All You Need for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 59
- 2021NeuralDiff: Segmenting 3D objects that move in egocentric videoscited by 57
- 2022V4d: voxel for 4d novel view synthesiscited by 43
- 2022Neural Deformable Voxel Grid for Fast Optimization of Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 43
- 2023Masked Space-Time Hash Encoding for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2016A Versatile Scene Model with Differentiable Visibility Applied to Generative Pose Estimationcited by 42
- 2023Flow supervision for Deformable NeRFcited by 42
- 2023Dynamic Point Fieldscited by 37
- 2023Pseudo-Generalized Dynamic View Synthesis from a Videocited by 27
50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 28; 2025: 38; 2026: 29.
95 papers.
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- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 179
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2024Per-Gaussian Embedding-Based Deformation for Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 104
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
- 2024SC4D: Sparse-Controlled Video-to-4D Generation and Motion Transfercited by 61
- 2025FreeTimeGS: Free Gaussian Primitives at Anytime and Anywhere for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 54
- 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
- 2024SplineGS: Robust Motion-Adaptive Spline for Real-Time Dynamic 3D Gaussians from Monocular Videocited by 44
- 2025Swift4D:Adaptive divide-and-conquer Gaussian Splatting for compact and efficient reconstruction of dynamic scenecited by 42
- 2024Gaussian Splashing: Unified Particles for Versatile Motion Synthesis and Renderingcited by 37
- 2024WorDepth: Variational Language Prior for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 34
38 more
- 2025MoDec-GS: Global-to-Local Motion Decomposition and Temporal Interval Adjustment for Compact Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 30
- 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 24
- 2024StreetSurfGS: Scalable Urban Street Surface Reconstruction with Planar-based Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
- 2025COB-GS: Clear Object Boundaries in 3DGS Segmentation Based on Boundary-Adaptive Gaussian Splittingcited by 19
- 2025MonoFusion: Sparse-View 4D Reconstruction via Monocular Fusioncited by 19
- 2024Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesis in Presence of Distractorscited by 15
- 20244D Gaussian Splatting: Modeling Dynamic Scenes with Native 4D Primitivescited by 15
- 20254D-LRM: Large Space-Time Reconstruction Model From and To Any View at Any Timecited by 14
- 2025Feature4X: Bridging Any Monocular Video to 4D Agentic AI with Versatile Gaussian Feature Fieldscited by 13
- 2025MoBGS: Motion Deblurring Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting for Blurry Monocular Videocited by 11
- 2025HAIF-GS: Hierarchical and Induced Flow-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scenecited by 11
- 2025GaussianUpdate: Continual 3D Gaussian Splatting Update for Changing Environmentscited by 11
- 2024Modeling Ambient Scene Dynamics for Free-view Synthesiscited by 10
- 2024Few-shot Novel View Synthesis using Depth Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
- 2025Not All Frame Features Are Equal: Video-to-4D Generation via Decoupling Dynamic-Static Featurescited by 10
- 2025DynaGSLAM: Real-Time Gaussian-Splatting SLAM for Online Rendering, Tracking, Motion Predictions of Moving Objects in Dynamic Scenescited by 10
- 2024VeGaS: Video Gaussian Splattingcited by 9
- 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 9
- 2024Topo4D: Topology-Preserving Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity 4D Head Capturecited by 8
- 2024Distractor-free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
- 2025RePerformer: Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videos from Playback to Photoreal Reperformancecited by 8
- 2024TOGS: Gaussian Splatting with Temporal Opacity Offset for Real-Time 4D DSA Renderingcited by 7
- 2025In-2-4D: Inbetweening from Two Single-View Images to 4D Generationcited by 7
- 2025Digital Twin Generation from Visual Data: A Surveycited by 7
- 2025HoliGS: Holistic Gaussian Splatting for Embodied View Synthesiscited by 7
- 2025Diff4Splat: Controllable 4D Scene Generation with Latent Dynamic Reconstruction Modelscited by 7
- 2024HiCoM: Hierarchical Coherent Motion for Streamable Dynamic Scene with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2024Monocular Dynamic Gaussian Splatting: Fast, Brittle, and Scene Complexity Rulescited by 6
- 2025Uncertainty Matters in Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Monocular 4D Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2025LASER: Layer-wise Scale Alignment for Training-Free Streaming 4D Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2024Adaptive and Temporally Consistent Gaussian Surfels for Multi-view Dynamic Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 5
- 2024Street Gaussians without 3D Object Trackercited by 4
- 2025Optimizing 4D Gaussians for Dynamic Scene Video from Single Landscape Imagescited by 4
- 2025PhysGaia: A Physics-Aware Benchmark with Multi-Body Interactions for Dynamic Novel View Synthesiscited by 4
- 20264C4D: 4 Camera 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
- 2024Event-boosted Deformable 3D Gaussians for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2024RelayGS: Reconstructing Dynamic Scenes with Large-Scale and Complex Motions via Relay Gaussianscited by 3
50 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026ProDyGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from a Single Static Monocular Camera26 Sep 2026
- 2026DecoGS: Adaptive Static-Dynamic Decoupling of 3D Gaussians for Free-Viewpoint Video Streaming15 Sep 2026
- 2026Racing in Volume with Flow Ensembles14 Sep 2026
- 2026UniFusion: Sparse-View 4D Reconstruction via Unified Spatio-temporal Depth Alignment5 Sep 2026
- 2026CC-4DGS: Computational Deformation and Point-Cloud Compression for Storage-Efficient Dynamic Gaussian Splatting2 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Alias-Free 4D Gaussian Representations with Motion-Aware Filtering22 Aug 2026
- 2026On the Design of Mixture-of-Experts for Dynamic Gaussian Splatting9 Jul 2026
- 2026Unified Panoramic-Gaussian Representation for Monocular 4D Scene Synthesis2 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Efficient 4D Gaussian Representations from Monocular Videos with Flow Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026WebSpline: Structure-Informed Splines for Real-Time 3D Gaussians from Monocular Videos1 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Static Gaussians: An Empirical Investigation of Architectural Paradigms for Dynamic 3D Scene Reconstruction30 May 2026
38 more
- 2026PD-4DGS:Progressive Decomposition of 4D Gaussian Splatting for Bandwidth-Adaptive Dynamic Scene Streaming12 May 2026
- 2026VeloGauss: Learning Physically Consistent Gaussian Velocity Fields from Videos11 May 2026
- 2026FreeTimeGS++: Secrets of Dynamic Gaussian Splatting and Their Principles5 May 2026
- 2026Color-Encoded Illumination for High-Speed Volumetric Scene Reconstruction29 Apr 2026
- 2026Bringing a Personal Point of View: Evaluating Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting for Egocentric Scene Reconstruction26 Apr 2026
- 2026Flow4DGS-SLAM: Optical Flow-Guided 4D Gaussian Splatting SLAM24 Apr 2026
- 2026Realizing Immersive Volumetric Video: A Multimodal Framework for 6-DoF VR Engagement10 Apr 2026
- 2026GEAR: GEometry-motion Alternating Refinement for Articulated Object Modeling with Gaussian Splatting9 Apr 2026
- 20264C4D: 4 Camera 4D Gaussian Splatting5 Apr 2026
- 2026Rendering Multi-Human and Multi-Object with 3D Gaussian Splatting3 Apr 2026
- 2026GP-4DGS: Probabilistic 4D Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Video via Variational Gaussian Processes3 Apr 2026
- 2026ReFlow: Self-correction Motion Learning for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction2 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Explicit Continuous Motion Representation for Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Videos26 Mar 2026
- 2026RetimeGS: Continuous-Time Reconstruction of 4D Gaussian Splatting14 Mar 2026
- 2026PackUV: Packed Gaussian UV Maps for 4D Volumetric Video26 Feb 2026
- 2026WorldTree: Towards 4D Dynamic Worlds from Monocular Video using Tree-Chains12 Feb 2026
- 2026SharpTimeGS: Sharp and Stable Dynamic Gaussian Splatting via Lifespan Modulation3 Feb 2026
- 2025LASER: Layer-wise Scale Alignment for Training-Free Streaming 4D Reconstruction15 Dec 2025
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracing10 Dec 2025
- 2025Diff4Splat: Controllable 4D Scene Generation with Latent Dynamic Reconstruction Models1 Nov 2025
- 2025Uncertainty Matters in Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Monocular 4D Reconstruction14 Oct 2025
- 2025Ev4DGS: Novel-view Rendering of Non-Rigid Objects from Monocular Event Streams13 Oct 2025
- 2025Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Defocused and Motion-blurred Monocular Videos12 Oct 2025
- 2025Bridging the Gap Between Multimodal Foundation Models and World Models4 Oct 2025
- 2025ProDyG: Progressive Dynamic Scene Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting from Monocular Videos22 Sep 2025
- 2025Every Camera Effect, Every Time, All at Once: 4D Gaussian Ray Tracing for Physics-based Camera Effect Data Generation13 Sep 2025
- 2025GaussianUpdate: Continual 3D Gaussian Splatting Update for Changing Environments12 Aug 2025
- 2025SplitGaussian: Reconstructing Dynamic Scenes via Visual Geometry Decomposition6 Aug 2025
- 2025MonoFusion: Sparse-View 4D Reconstruction via Monocular Fusion31 Jul 2025
- 2025ClipGS: Clippable Gaussian Splatting for Interactive Cinematic Visualization of Volumetric Medical Data9 Jul 2025
- 2025GSVR: 2D Gaussian-based Video Representation for 800+ FPS with Hybrid Deformation Field8 Jul 2025
- 2025STD-GS: Exploring Frame-Event Interaction for SpatioTemporal-Disentangled Gaussian Splatting to Reconstruct High-Dynamic Scene29 Jun 2025
- 2025HoliGS: Holistic Gaussian Splatting for Embodied View Synthesis24 Jun 2025
- 20254D-LRM: Large Space-Time Reconstruction Model From and To Any View at Any Time23 Jun 2025
- 2025BulletGen: Improving 4D Reconstruction with Bullet-Time Generation23 Jun 2025
- 2025HAIF-GS: Hierarchical and Induced Flow-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scene11 Jun 2025
- 2025FreeTimeGS: Free Gaussian Primitives at Anytime and Anywhere for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction5 Jun 2025
- 2025PhysGaia: A Physics-Aware Benchmark with Multi-Body Interactions for Dynamic Novel View Synthesis3 Jun 2025
50 newest of 95 All 95 (JSON)
- 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
- 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 179
- 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
- 2024Per-Gaussian Embedding-Based Deformation for Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 104
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
- 2024SC4D: Sparse-Controlled Video-to-4D Generation and Motion Transfercited by 61
- 2025FreeTimeGS: Free Gaussian Primitives at Anytime and Anywhere for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 54
- 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
- 2024SplineGS: Robust Motion-Adaptive Spline for Real-Time Dynamic 3D Gaussians from Monocular Videocited by 44
- 2025Swift4D:Adaptive divide-and-conquer Gaussian Splatting for compact and efficient reconstruction of dynamic scenecited by 42
- 2024Gaussian Splashing: Unified Particles for Versatile Motion Synthesis and Renderingcited by 37
- 2024WorDepth: Variational Language Prior for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 34
12 most cited of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026ProDyGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from a Single Static Monocular Camera26 Sep 2026
- 2026DecoGS: Adaptive Static-Dynamic Decoupling of 3D Gaussians for Free-Viewpoint Video Streaming15 Sep 2026
- 2026Racing in Volume with Flow Ensembles14 Sep 2026
- 2026UniFusion: Sparse-View 4D Reconstruction via Unified Spatio-temporal Depth Alignment5 Sep 2026
- 2026CC-4DGS: Computational Deformation and Point-Cloud Compression for Storage-Efficient Dynamic Gaussian Splatting2 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Alias-Free 4D Gaussian Representations with Motion-Aware Filtering22 Aug 2026
- 2026Unified Panoramic-Gaussian Representation for Monocular 4D Scene Synthesis2 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Efficient 4D Gaussian Representations from Monocular Videos with Flow Splatting29 Jun 2026
- 2026WebSpline: Structure-Informed Splines for Real-Time 3D Gaussians from Monocular Videos1 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Static Gaussians: An Empirical Investigation of Architectural Paradigms for Dynamic 3D Scene Reconstruction30 May 2026
- 2026PD-4DGS:Progressive Decomposition of 4D Gaussian Splatting for Bandwidth-Adaptive Dynamic Scene Streaming12 May 2026
12 newest of 91 All 91 (JSON)