mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesis

arXiv 2312.11458 ↗First posted 18 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 95

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a method that achieves state-of-the-art rendering quality and efficiency on monocular dynamic scene reconstruction using deformable 3D Gaussians. Implicit deformable representations commonly model motion with a canonical space and time-dependent backward-warping deformation field. Our method, GauFRe, uses a forward-warping deformation to explicitly model non-rigid transformations of scene geometry. Specifically, we propose a template set of 3D Gaussians residing in a canonical space, and a time-dependent forward-warping deformation field to model dynamic objects. Additionally, we tailor a 3D Gaussian-specific static component supported by an inductive bias-aware initialization approach which allows the deformation field to focus on moving scene regions, improving the rendering of complex real-world motion. The differentiable pipeline is optimized end-to-end with a self-supervised rendering loss. Experiments show our method achieves competitive results and higher efficiency than both previous state-of-the-art NeRF and Gaussian-based methods. For real-world scenes, GauFRe can train in ~20 mins and offer 96 FPS real-time rendering on an RTX 3090 GPU. Project website: https://lynl7130.github.io/gaufre/index.html

Key facts. Cited by 95 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2023.

Builds on

53 of 74 references.

References · 53

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
  2. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  3. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  4. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  5. 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,465
  6. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
  7. 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,198
  8. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,157
  9. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  10. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
  11. 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 759
  12. 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 751
38 more
  1. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 746
  2. 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 737
  3. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 587
  4. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 540
  5. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  6. 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 476
  7. 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 471
  8. 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
  9. 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
  10. 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
  11. 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 346
  12. 2019Neural Point-Based Graphicscited by 327
  13. 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 239
  14. 2022DynIBaR: Neural Dynamic Image-Based Renderingcited by 224
  15. 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
  16. 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 214
  17. 2023Gaussian-Flow: 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic 3D Gaussian Particlecited by 211
  18. 2023Robust Dynamic Radiance Fieldscited by 194
  19. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 190
  20. 2023HyperReel: High-Fidelity 6-DoF Video with Ray-Conditioned Samplingcited by 174
  21. 2020Novel View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenes with Globally Coherent Depths from a Monocular Cameracited by 166
  22. 2022D2NeRF: Self-Supervised Decoupling of Dynamic and Static Objects from a Monocular Videocited by 137
  23. 2022Mixed Neural Voxels for Fast Multi-view Video Synthesiscited by 127
  24. 2023DynMF: Neural Motion Factorization for Real-time Dynamic View Synthesis with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 124
  25. 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
  26. 2023NeRF-DS: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Specular Objectscited by 111
  27. 2022ReLU Fields: The Little Non-linearity That Couldcited by 87
  28. 2022Differentiable Point-Based Radiance Fields for Efficient View Synthesiscited by 86
  29. 2023Neural Parametric Gaussians for Monocular Non-Rigid Object Reconstructioncited by 61
  30. 2023Temporal Interpolation Is All You Need for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 59
  31. 2021NeuralDiff: Segmenting 3D objects that move in egocentric videoscited by 57
  32. 2022V4d: voxel for 4d novel view synthesiscited by 43
  33. 2022Neural Deformable Voxel Grid for Fast Optimization of Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 43
  34. 2023Masked Space-Time Hash Encoding for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
  35. 2016A Versatile Scene Model with Differentiable Visibility Applied to Generative Pose Estimationcited by 42
  36. 2023Flow supervision for Deformable NeRFcited by 42
  37. 2023Dynamic Point Fieldscited by 37
  38. 2023Pseudo-Generalized Dynamic View Synthesis from a Videocited by 27

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 28; 2025: 38; 2026: 29.

95 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
  2. 2024MoSca: Dynamic Gaussian Fusion from Casual Videos via 4D Motion Scaffoldscited by 179
  3. 2024Recent Advances in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 131
  4. 2024Per-Gaussian Embedding-Based Deformation for Deformable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 104
  5. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
  6. 2024SC4D: Sparse-Controlled Video-to-4D Generation and Motion Transfercited by 61
  7. 2025FreeTimeGS: Free Gaussian Primitives at Anytime and Anywhere for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 54
  8. 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
  9. 2024SplineGS: Robust Motion-Adaptive Spline for Real-Time Dynamic 3D Gaussians from Monocular Videocited by 44
  10. 2025Swift4D:Adaptive divide-and-conquer Gaussian Splatting for compact and efficient reconstruction of dynamic scenecited by 42
  11. 2024Gaussian Splashing: Unified Particles for Versatile Motion Synthesis and Renderingcited by 37
  12. 2024WorDepth: Variational Language Prior for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 34
38 more
  1. 2025MoDec-GS: Global-to-Local Motion Decomposition and Temporal Interval Adjustment for Compact Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 30
  2. 2024SpectroMotion: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenescited by 24
  3. 2024StreetSurfGS: Scalable Urban Street Surface Reconstruction with Planar-based Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
  4. 2025COB-GS: Clear Object Boundaries in 3DGS Segmentation Based on Boundary-Adaptive Gaussian Splittingcited by 19
  5. 2025MonoFusion: Sparse-View 4D Reconstruction via Monocular Fusioncited by 19
  6. 2024Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesis in Presence of Distractorscited by 15
  7. 20244D Gaussian Splatting: Modeling Dynamic Scenes with Native 4D Primitivescited by 15
  8. 20254D-LRM: Large Space-Time Reconstruction Model From and To Any View at Any Timecited by 14
  9. 2025Feature4X: Bridging Any Monocular Video to 4D Agentic AI with Versatile Gaussian Feature Fieldscited by 13
  10. 2025MoBGS: Motion Deblurring Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting for Blurry Monocular Videocited by 11
  11. 2025HAIF-GS: Hierarchical and Induced Flow-Guided Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Scenecited by 11
  12. 2025GaussianUpdate: Continual 3D Gaussian Splatting Update for Changing Environmentscited by 11
  13. 2024Modeling Ambient Scene Dynamics for Free-view Synthesiscited by 10
  14. 2024Few-shot Novel View Synthesis using Depth Aware 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 10
  15. 2025Not All Frame Features Are Equal: Video-to-4D Generation via Decoupling Dynamic-Static Featurescited by 10
  16. 2025DynaGSLAM: Real-Time Gaussian-Splatting SLAM for Online Rendering, Tracking, Motion Predictions of Moving Objects in Dynamic Scenescited by 10
  17. 2024VeGaS: Video Gaussian Splattingcited by 9
  18. 2025Dynamic Scene Reconstruction: Recent Advance in Real-time Rendering and Streamingcited by 9
  19. 2024Topo4D: Topology-Preserving Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity 4D Head Capturecited by 8
  20. 2024Distractor-free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
  21. 2025RePerformer: Immersive Human-centric Volumetric Videos from Playback to Photoreal Reperformancecited by 8
  22. 2024TOGS: Gaussian Splatting with Temporal Opacity Offset for Real-Time 4D DSA Renderingcited by 7
  23. 2025In-2-4D: Inbetweening from Two Single-View Images to 4D Generationcited by 7
  24. 2025Digital Twin Generation from Visual Data: A Surveycited by 7
  25. 2025HoliGS: Holistic Gaussian Splatting for Embodied View Synthesiscited by 7
  26. 2025Diff4Splat: Controllable 4D Scene Generation with Latent Dynamic Reconstruction Modelscited by 7
  27. 2024HiCoM: Hierarchical Coherent Motion for Streamable Dynamic Scene with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
  28. 2024Monocular Dynamic Gaussian Splatting: Fast, Brittle, and Scene Complexity Rulescited by 6
  29. 2025Uncertainty Matters in Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Monocular 4D Reconstructioncited by 6
  30. 2025LASER: Layer-wise Scale Alignment for Training-Free Streaming 4D Reconstructioncited by 6
  31. 2024Adaptive and Temporally Consistent Gaussian Surfels for Multi-view Dynamic Reconstructioncited by 5
  32. 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 5
  33. 2024Street Gaussians without 3D Object Trackercited by 4
  34. 2025Optimizing 4D Gaussians for Dynamic Scene Video from Single Landscape Imagescited by 4
  35. 2025PhysGaia: A Physics-Aware Benchmark with Multi-Body Interactions for Dynamic Novel View Synthesiscited by 4
  36. 20264C4D: 4 Camera 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
  37. 2024Event-boosted Deformable 3D Gaussians for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
  38. 2024RelayGS: Reconstructing Dynamic Scenes with Large-Scale and Complex Motions via Relay Gaussianscited by 3

50 most cited of 95 All 95 (JSON)