Temporal Interpolation Is All You Need for Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields
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Abstract (arXiv)
Temporal interpolation often plays a crucial role to learn meaningful representations in dynamic scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel method to train spatiotemporal neural radiance fields of dynamic scenes based on temporal interpolation of feature vectors. Two feature interpolation methods are suggested depending on underlying representations, neural networks or grids. In the neural representation, we extract features from space-time inputs via multiple neural network modules and interpolate them based on time frames. The proposed multi-level feature interpolation network effectively captures features of both short-term and long-term time ranges. In the grid representation, space-time features are learned via four-dimensional hash grids, which remarkably reduces training time. The grid representation shows more than 100 times faster training speed than the previous neural-net-based methods while maintaining the rendering quality. Concatenating static and dynamic features and adding a simple smoothness term further improve the performance of our proposed models. Despite the simplicity of the model architectures, our method achieved state-of-the-art performance both in rendering quality for the neural representation and in training speed for the grid representation.
Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2023.
Builds on
25 of 33 references.
References · 25
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,698
- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2020D-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Dynamic Scenescited by 1,459
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
- 2020Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,194
- 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 961
- 2020Neural Scene Flow Fields for Space-Time View Synthesis of Dynamic Scenescited by 750
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
- 2022HumanNeRF: Free-viewpoint Rendering of Moving People from Monocular Videocited by 483
13 more
- 2020Non-Rigid Neural Radiance Fields: Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis of a Dynamic Scene From Monocular Videocited by 470
- 2020Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields for Monocular 4D Facial Avatar Reconstructioncited by 465
- 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
- 2019Soft Rasterizer: A Differentiable Renderer for Image-based 3D Reasoningcited by 420
- 2021Dynamic View Synthesis from Dynamic Monocular Videocited by 420
- 2020Space-time Neural Irradiance Fields for Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 414
- 2022Fast Dynamic Radiance Fields with Time-Aware Neural Voxelscited by 344
- 2020Neural Radiance Flow for 4D View Synthesis and Video Processingcited by 270
- 2021HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 210
- 2021BANMo: Building Animatable 3D Neural Models from Many Casual Videoscited by 195
- 2019Neural Volumes: Learning Dynamic Renderable Volumes from Imagescited by 173
- 2021Real-time Neural Radiance Caching for Path Tracingcited by 91
- 2022Neural Deformable Voxel Grid for Fast Optimization of Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 43
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 14; 2024: 21; 2025: 13; 2026: 11.
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- 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
- 20243DGStream: On-the-Fly Training of 3D Gaussians for Efficient Streaming of Photo-Realistic Free-Viewpoint Videoscited by 156
- 2023Animate124: Animating One Image to 4D Dynamic Scenecited by 113
- 2023GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesiscited by 95
- 2023Neural Parametric Gaussians for Monocular Non-Rigid Object Reconstructioncited by 60
- 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
- 2024Grid4D: 4D Decomposed Hash Encoding for High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 49
- 2024Superpoint Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time High-Fidelity Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2023NVFi: Neural Velocity Fields for 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videoscited by 28
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 27
- 20254DGC: Rate-Aware 4D Gaussian Compression for Efficient Streamable Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 26
38 more
- 2024NeRF-HuGS: Improved Neural Radiance Fields in Non-static Scenes Using Heuristics-Guided Segmentationcited by 25
- 2024RoDUS: Robust Decomposition of Static and Dynamic Elements in Urban Scenescited by 14
- 2023Fluid Simulation on Neural Flow Mapscited by 12
- 2024D-NPC: Dynamic Neural Point Clouds for Non-Rigid View Synthesis from Monocular Videocited by 11
- 2024Learnable Infinite Taylor Gaussian for Dynamic View Renderingcited by 11
- 2025MoBGS: Motion Deblurring Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting for Blurry Monocular Videocited by 11
- 2025TRACE: Learning 3D Gaussian Physical Dynamics from Multi-view Videoscited by 11
- 2023Neural radiance fields in the industrial and robotics domain: applications, research opportunities and use casescited by 10
- 2023MoBluRF: Motion Deblurring Neural Radiance Fields for Blurry Monocular Videocited by 9
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 9
- 2024TimeFormer: Capturing Temporal Relationships of Deformable 3D Gaussians for Robust Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2024Sequential Gaussian Avatars with Hierarchical Motion Contextcited by 9
- 2023Canonical Factors for Hybrid Neural Fieldscited by 8
- 2025AceVFI: A Comprehensive Survey of Advances in Video Frame Interpolationcited by 8
- 2025Orientation-anchored Hyper-Gaussian for 4D Reconstruction from Casual Videoscited by 8
- 2025In-2-4D: Inbetweening from Two Single-View Images to 4D Generationcited by 7
- 2023Dynamic Appearance Particle Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 6
- 2024Humans as a Calibration Pattern: Dynamic 3D Scene Reconstruction from Unsynchronized and Uncalibrated Videoscited by 6
- 2023TiAVox: Time-aware Attenuation Voxels for Sparse-view 4D DSA Reconstructioncited by 5
- 20243D Vessel Reconstruction from Sparse-View Dynamic DSA Images via Vessel Probability Guided Attenuation Learningcited by 5
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Fieldcited by 4
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interactioncited by 4
- 2024Fast Sparse View Guided NeRF Update for Object Reconfigurationscited by 3
- 20244DRGS: 4D Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Vessel Reconstruction from Sparse-View Dynamic DSA Imagescited by 3
- 2023OD-NeRF: Efficient Training of On-the-Fly Dynamic Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2
- 2023TivNe-SLAM: Dynamic Mapping and Tracking via Time-Varying Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2
- 2024NeRFmentation: NeRF-based Augmentation for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2024CD-NGP: A Fast Scalable Continual Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 2
- 20254D-MoDe: Towards Editable and Scalable Volumetric Streaming via Motion-Decoupled 4D Gaussian Compressioncited by 2
- 2025Mono4DGS-HDR: High Dynamic Range 4D Gaussian Splatting from Alternating-exposure Monocular Videoscited by 2
- 2025Splatography: Sparse multi-view dynamic Gaussian Splatting for filmmaking challengescited by 2
- 2025Efficient 4D Gaussian Stream with Low Rank Adaptationcited by 1
- 2023T-Code: Simple Temporal Latent Code for Efficient Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2024A Refined 3D Gaussian Representation for High-Quality Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2024OSN: Infinite Representations of Dynamic 3D Scenes from Monocular Videoscited by 0
- 2025DriveSplat: Unified Neural Gaussian Reconstruction for Dynamic Driving Scenescited by 0
- 2026Constrained Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Retrieval, Refinement, and Ranking for Text-to-Video Generation via Prompt Optimization and Test-Time Scalingcited by 0
50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026GARO: Geometry-Aware Redundancy Optimization for Real-Time and High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splatting20 Sep 2026
- 2026DecoGS: Adaptive Static-Dynamic Decoupling of 3D Gaussians for Free-Viewpoint Video Streaming15 Sep 2026
- 2026DLGStream: Dynamic Language-embedded Guassian Splatting for Open-vocabulary Enabled Free-viewpoint Video Streaming27 Jun 2026
- 2026Recent Advances and Trends in Learning-based 3D Representations3 Jun 2026
- 2026GeoRect4D: Geometry-Compatible Generative Rectification for Dynamic Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction22 Apr 2026
- 2026Relaxed Rigidity with Ray-based Grouping for Dynamic Gaussian Splatting26 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast and Robust Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2026
- 2026DSA-SRGS: Super-Resolution Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Sparse-View DSA Reconstruction5 Mar 2026
- 2026Retrieval, Refinement, and Ranking for Text-to-Video Generation via Prompt Optimization and Test-Time Scaling2 Mar 2026
- 2026Constrained Dynamic Gaussian Splatting3 Feb 2026
- 2025Splatography: Sparse multi-view dynamic Gaussian Splatting for filmmaking challenges7 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interaction22 Oct 2025
- 2025Mono4DGS-HDR: High Dynamic Range 4D Gaussian Splatting from Alternating-exposure Monocular Videos21 Oct 2025
- 2025Orientation-anchored Hyper-Gaussian for 4D Reconstruction from Casual Videos27 Sep 2025
- 20254D-MoDe: Towards Editable and Scalable Volumetric Streaming via Motion-Decoupled 4D Gaussian Compression22 Sep 2025
- 2025DriveSplat: Unified Neural Gaussian Reconstruction for Dynamic Driving Scenes21 Aug 2025
- 2025TRACE: Learning 3D Gaussian Physical Dynamics from Multi-view Videos13 Aug 2025
- 2025AceVFI: A Comprehensive Survey of Advances in Video Frame Interpolation1 Jun 2025
- 2025Advances in Radiance Field for Dynamic Scene: From Neural Field to Gaussian Field15 May 2025
- 2025MoBGS: Motion Deblurring Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting for Blurry Monocular Video21 Apr 2025
- 2025In-2-4D: Inbetweening from Two Single-View Images to 4D Generation11 Apr 2025
- 20254DGC: Rate-Aware 4D Gaussian Compression for Efficient Streamable Free-Viewpoint Video24 Mar 2025
- 2025Efficient 4D Gaussian Stream with Low Rank Adaptation23 Feb 2025
- 2024Humans as a Calibration Pattern: Dynamic 3D Scene Reconstruction from Unsynchronized and Uncalibrated Videos26 Dec 2024
- 20244DRGS: 4D Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Vessel Reconstruction from Sparse-View Dynamic DSA Images17 Dec 2024
- 2024Learnable Infinite Taylor Gaussian for Dynamic View Rendering5 Dec 2024
- 2024Sequential Gaussian Avatars with Hierarchical Motion Context25 Nov 2024
- 2024TimeFormer: Capturing Temporal Relationships of Deformable 3D Gaussians for Robust Reconstruction18 Nov 2024
- 2024Grid4D: 4D Decomposed Hash Encoding for High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splatting28 Oct 2024
- 2024CD-NGP: A Fast Scalable Continual Representation for Dynamic Scenes8 Sep 2024
- 2024OSN: Infinite Representations of Dynamic 3D Scenes from Monocular Videos8 Jul 2024
- 2024D-NPC: Dynamic Neural Point Clouds for Non-Rigid View Synthesis from Monocular Video14 Jun 2024
- 2024Superpoint Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time High-Fidelity Dynamic Scene Reconstruction6 Jun 2024
- 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priors1 Jun 2024
- 2024A Refined 3D Gaussian Representation for High-Quality Dynamic Scene Reconstruction28 May 2024
- 20243D Vessel Reconstruction from Sparse-View Dynamic DSA Images via Vessel Probability Guided Attenuation Learning17 May 2024
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environments29 Mar 2024
- 2024NeRF-HuGS: Improved Neural Radiance Fields in Non-static Scenes Using Heuristics-Guided Segmentation26 Mar 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenes22 Mar 2024
- 2024Fast Sparse View Guided NeRF Update for Object Reconfigurations16 Mar 2024
- 2024RoDUS: Robust Decomposition of Static and Dynamic Elements in Urban Scenes14 Mar 2024
- 20243DGStream: On-the-Fly Training of 3D Gaussians for Efficient Streaming of Photo-Realistic Free-Viewpoint Videos3 Mar 2024
- 2024Semantically-aware Neural Radiance Fields for Visual Scene Understanding: A Comprehensive Review17 Feb 2024
- 2024NeRFmentation: NeRF-based Augmentation for Monocular Depth Estimation8 Jan 2024
- 2023Fluid Simulation on Neural Flow Maps22 Dec 2023
- 2023MoBluRF: Motion Deblurring Neural Radiance Fields for Blurry Monocular Video21 Dec 2023
- 2023GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesis18 Dec 2023
- 2023T-Code: Simple Temporal Latent Code for Efficient Dynamic View Synthesis18 Dec 2023
- 2023NVFi: Neural Velocity Fields for 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videos11 Dec 2023
50 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2023Animate124: Animating One Image to 4D Dynamic Scenecited by 113
- 2023Animate124: Animating One Image to 4D Dynamic Scene24 Nov 2023
- 2023SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenescited by 339
- 20243DGStream: On-the-Fly Training of 3D Gaussians for Efficient Streaming of Photo-Realistic Free-Viewpoint Videoscited by 156
- 2023GauFRe: Gaussian Deformation Fields for Real-time Dynamic Novel View Synthesiscited by 95
- 2023Neural Parametric Gaussians for Monocular Non-Rigid Object Reconstructioncited by 60
- 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
- 2024Grid4D: 4D Decomposed Hash Encoding for High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splattingcited by 49
- 2024Superpoint Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time High-Fidelity Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2023NVFi: Neural Velocity Fields for 3D Physics Learning from Dynamic Videoscited by 28
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
- 2024Multi-Level Neural Scene Graphs for Dynamic Urban Environmentscited by 27
- 20254DGC: Rate-Aware 4D Gaussian Compression for Efficient Streamable Free-Viewpoint Videocited by 26
- 2024NeRF-HuGS: Improved Neural Radiance Fields in Non-static Scenes Using Heuristics-Guided Segmentationcited by 25
12 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing the Dynamic World: A Representation-Centric View of 4D Scene Reconstruction30 Sep 2026
- 2026GARO: Geometry-Aware Redundancy Optimization for Real-Time and High-Fidelity Dynamic Gaussian Splatting20 Sep 2026
- 2026DecoGS: Adaptive Static-Dynamic Decoupling of 3D Gaussians for Free-Viewpoint Video Streaming15 Sep 2026
- 2026DLGStream: Dynamic Language-embedded Guassian Splatting for Open-vocabulary Enabled Free-viewpoint Video Streaming27 Jun 2026
- 2026Recent Advances and Trends in Learning-based 3D Representations3 Jun 2026
- 2026GeoRect4D: Geometry-Compatible Generative Rectification for Dynamic Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction22 Apr 2026
- 2026Relaxed Rigidity with Ray-based Grouping for Dynamic Gaussian Splatting26 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast and Robust Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2026
- 2026DSA-SRGS: Super-Resolution Gaussian Splatting for Dynamic Sparse-View DSA Reconstruction5 Mar 2026
- 2026Retrieval, Refinement, and Ranking for Text-to-Video Generation via Prompt Optimization and Test-Time Scaling2 Mar 2026
- 2026Constrained Dynamic Gaussian Splatting3 Feb 2026
- 2025Splatography: Sparse multi-view dynamic Gaussian Splatting for filmmaking challenges7 Nov 2025
12 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)