Click-Gaussian: Interactive Segmentation to Any 3D Gaussians
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Abstract (arXiv)
Interactive segmentation of 3D Gaussians opens a great opportunity for real-time manipulation of 3D scenes thanks to the real-time rendering capability of 3D Gaussian Splatting. However, the current methods suffer from time-consuming post-processing to deal with noisy segmentation output. Also, they struggle to provide detailed segmentation, which is important for fine-grained manipulation of 3D scenes. In this study, we propose Click-Gaussian, which learns distinguishable feature fields of two-level granularity, facilitating segmentation without time-consuming post-processing. We delve into challenges stemming from inconsistently learned feature fields resulting from 2D segmentation obtained independently from a 3D scene. 3D segmentation accuracy deteriorates when 2D segmentation results across the views, primary cues for 3D segmentation, are in conflict. To overcome these issues, we propose Global Feature-guided Learning (GFL). GFL constructs the clusters of global feature candidates from noisy 2D segments across the views, which smooths out noises when training the features of 3D Gaussians. Our method runs in 10 ms per click, 15 to 130 times as fast as the previous methods, while also significantly improving segmentation accuracy. Our project page is available at https://seokhunchoi.github.io/Click-Gaussian
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2024.
Builds on
38 of 50 references.
References · 38
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
- 2022InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructionscited by 2,591
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
- 2023DreamGaussian: Generative Gaussian Splatting for Efficient 3D Content Creationcited by 837
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 753
- 2023Dynamic 3D Gaussians: Tracking by Persistent Dynamic View Synthesiscited by 731
- 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
26 more
- 2023LERF: Language Embedded Radiance Fieldscited by 538
- 2023Instruct-NeRF2NeRF: Editing 3D Scenes with Instructionscited by 482
- 2023Real-time Photorealistic Dynamic Scene Representation and Rendering with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 470
- 2023Gaussian Grouping: Segment and Edit Anything in 3D Scenescited by 387
- 2022Decomposing NeRF for Editing via Feature Field Distillationcited by 370
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 369
- 2023Feature 3DGS: Supercharging 3D Gaussian Splatting to Enable Distilled Feature Fieldscited by 361
- 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 308
- 2023Text-to-3D using Gaussian Splattingcited by 299
- 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 238
- 2023Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentationcited by 197
- 2022Neural Feature Fusion Fields: 3D Distillation of Self-Supervised 2D Image Representationscited by 195
- 2023DreamGaussian4D: Generative 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 191
- 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 188
- 2024VR-GS: A Physical Dynamics-Aware Interactive Gaussian Splatting System in Virtual Realitycited by 175
- 2023Align Your Gaussians: Text-to-4D with Dynamic 3D Gaussians and Composed Diffusion Modelscited by 169
- 2022SPIn-NeRF: Multiview Segmentation and Perceptual Inpainting with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 144
- 2023Drivable 3D Gaussian Avatarscited by 120
- 2024GARField: Group Anything with Radiance Fieldscited by 108
- 2022NeRF-Supervision: Learning Dense Object Descriptors from Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 86
- 2023VR-NeRF: High-Fidelity Virtualized Walkable Spacescited by 86
- 2023Neural Point Catacaustics for Novel-View Synthesis of Reflectionscited by 81
- 2023OmniSeg3D: Omniversal 3D Segmentation via Hierarchical Contrastive Learningcited by 75
- 2022Neural Volumetric Object Selectioncited by 61
- 2023Blending-NeRF: Text-Driven Localized Editing in Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 27
- 2023Interactive Segment Anything NeRF with Feature Imitationcited by 24
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 26; 2026: 24.
58 papers.
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- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 20243DSceneEditor: Controllable 3D Scene Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025ReferSplat: Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025HiScene: Creating Hierarchical 3D Scenes with Isometric View Generationcited by 18
- 2024RelationField: Relate Anything in Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2025SIU3R: Simultaneous Scene Understanding and 3D Reconstruction Beyond Feature Alignmentcited by 15
- 2025CAGS: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding with Context-Aware Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
38 more
- 2025iSegMan: Interactive Segment-and-Manipulate 3D Gaussianscited by 11
- 2025VoteSplat: Hough Voting Gaussian Splatting for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 11
- 2025InstaScene: Towards Complete 3D Instance Decomposition and Reconstruction from Cluttered Scenescited by 11
- 2024GradiSeg: Gradient-Guided Gaussian Segmentation with Enhanced 3D Boundary Precisioncited by 10
- 2024SAMa: Material-aware 3D Selection and Segmentationcited by 9
- 2025PE3R: Perception-Efficient 3D Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2025TexGS-VolVis: Expressive Scene Editing for Volume Visualization via Textured Gaussian Splattingcited by 9
- 2025COS3D: Collaborative Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentationcited by 8
- 2025WildSeg3D: Segment Any 3D Objects in the Wild from 2D Imagescited by 6
- 2025OpenInsGaussian: Open-vocabulary Instance Gaussian Segmentation with Context-aware Cross-view Fusioncited by 6
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrievalcited by 5
- 2025Splat and Replace: 3D Reconstruction with Repetitive Elementscited by 4
- 2025Hi-LSplat: Hierarchical 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 4
- 2025STDR: Spatio-Temporal Decoupling for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 3
- 2024Order-aware Interactive Segmentationcited by 2
- 2024Efficient Semantic Splatting for Remote Sensing Multi-view Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Onlinecited by 2
- 2025Remove360: Benchmarking Residuals After Object Removal in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2026Joint Semantic and Rendering Enhancements in 3D Gaussian Modeling with Anisotropic Local Encodingcited by 2
- 2026GaussianTrimmer: Online Trimming Boundaries for 3DGS Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025ROODI: Reconstructing Occluded Objects with Denoising Inpainterscited by 1
- 2025Is there anything left? Measuring semantic residuals of objects removed from 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025PointGauss: Point Cloud-Guided Multi-Object Segmentation for Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026Scene-Agnostic Object-Centric Representation Learning for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026Online Segment 3D Gaussians via Launching Virtual Dronescited by 1
- 2025CrashSplat: 2D to 3D Vehicle Damage Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026CSGaussian: Progressive Rate-Distortion Compression and Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026MV-SAM: Multi-view Promptable Segmentation using Pointmap Guidancecited by 0
- 2026TrianguLang: Geometry-Aware Semantic Consensus for Pose-Free 3D Localizationcited by 0
- 2026Direct Object-Level Reconstruction via Probabilistic Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026LightHarmony3D: Harmonizing Illumination and Shadows for Object Insertion in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026TreeGaussian: Tree-Guided Cascaded Contrastive Learning for Hierarchical Consistent 3D Gaussian Scene Segmentation and Understandingcited by 0
- 2026NG-GS: NeRF-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026PAGaS: Pixel-Aligned 1DoF Gaussian Splatting for Depth Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Ilov3Splat: Instance-Level Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding in Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026ClickSeg3D: Few-Click Interactive Segmentation via Semantic Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extractioncited by 0
- 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitivescited by 0
50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026MEGA: Object-Level Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussian Splatting via Spatial Visual Distillation1 Oct 2026
- 2026PePESeg3D: Perception Prior Enhances Multi-Scale Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Sep 2026
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinement31 Aug 2026
- 2026CapFrame: Text-Instructed Viewpoint Grounding in 3D Gaussian Scenes via Geometric Pseudo Labels31 Aug 2026
- 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embedding17 Jul 2026
- 2026SaaF: Scene-Specific Ambiguity-Aware 3D Language Fields towards Interactive Real-World Object Retrieval14 Jul 2026
- 2026Online Segment 3D Gaussians via Launching Virtual Drones2 Jul 2026
- 2026Relation-Centric Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Segmentation1 Jul 2026
- 2026Lighting-Consistent Object Transfer Across Radiance Fields21 Jun 2026
- 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitives19 May 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2026ClickSeg3D: Few-Click Interactive Segmentation via Semantic Embeddings9 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Ilov3Splat: Instance-Level Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding in Gaussian Splatting6 May 2026
- 2026PAGaS: Pixel-Aligned 1DoF Gaussian Splatting for Depth Refinement24 Apr 2026
- 2026NG-GS: NeRF-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Segmentation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Scene-Agnostic Object-Centric Representation Learning for 3D Gaussian Splatting10 Apr 2026
- 2026TreeGaussian: Tree-Guided Cascaded Contrastive Learning for Hierarchical Consistent 3D Gaussian Scene Segmentation and Understanding31 Mar 2026
- 2026LightHarmony3D: Harmonizing Illumination and Shadows for Object Insertion in 3D Gaussian Splatting31 Mar 2026
- 2026Direct Object-Level Reconstruction via Probabilistic Gaussian Splatting15 Mar 2026
- 2026TrianguLang: Geometry-Aware Semantic Consensus for Pose-Free 3D Localization9 Mar 2026
- 2026MV-SAM: Multi-view Promptable Segmentation using Pointmap Guidance25 Jan 2026
- 2026CSGaussian: Progressive Rate-Distortion Compression and Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting19 Jan 2026
- 2026GaussianTrimmer: Online Trimming Boundaries for 3DGS Segmentation19 Jan 2026
- 2026Joint Semantic and Rendering Enhancements in 3D Gaussian Modeling with Anisotropic Local Encoding5 Jan 2026
- 2025COS3D: Collaborative Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentation23 Oct 2025
- 2025OpenInsGaussian: Open-vocabulary Instance Gaussian Segmentation with Context-aware Cross-view Fusion21 Oct 2025
- 2025CrashSplat: 2D to 3D Vehicle Damage Segmentation in Gaussian Splatting28 Sep 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Visual Grounding in 3D Gaussians via View Retrieval19 Sep 2025
- 2025Remove360: Benchmarking Residuals After Object Removal in 3D Gaussian Splatting15 Aug 2025
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025ReferSplat: Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splatting11 Aug 2025
- 2025SAGOnline: Segment Any Gaussians Online11 Aug 2025
- 2025PointGauss: Point Cloud-Guided Multi-Object Segmentation for Gaussian Splatting1 Aug 2025
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splatting21 Jul 2025
- 2025TexGS-VolVis: Expressive Scene Editing for Volume Visualization via Textured Gaussian Splatting18 Jul 2025
- 2025InstaScene: Towards Complete 3D Instance Decomposition and Reconstruction from Cluttered Scenes11 Jul 2025
- 2025SIU3R: Simultaneous Scene Understanding and 3D Reconstruction Beyond Feature Alignment3 Jul 2025
- 2025VoteSplat: Hough Voting Gaussian Splatting for 3D Scene Understanding28 Jun 2025
- 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splatting9 Jun 2025
- 2025Hi-LSplat: Hierarchical 3D Language Gaussian Splatting7 Jun 2025
- 2025Splat and Replace: 3D Reconstruction with Repetitive Elements6 Jun 2025
- 2025STDR: Spatio-Temporal Decoupling for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Rendering28 May 2025
- 2025iSegMan: Interactive Segment-and-Manipulate 3D Gaussians17 May 2025
- 2025HiScene: Creating Hierarchical 3D Scenes with Isometric View Generation17 Apr 2025
- 2025CAGS: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding with Context-Aware Gaussian Splatting16 Apr 2025
- 2025Is there anything left? Measuring semantic residuals of objects removed from 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2025
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splatting18 Mar 2025
- 2025ROODI: Reconstructing Occluded Objects with Denoising Inpainters13 Mar 2025
- 2025WildSeg3D: Segment Any 3D Objects in the Wild from 2D Images11 Mar 2025
- 2025PE3R: Perception-Efficient 3D Reconstruction10 Mar 2025
50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 2026Lighting-Consistent Object Transfer Across Radiance Fields21 Jun 2026
- 2024RelationField: Relate Anything in Radiance Fieldscited by 16
- 2024RelationField: Relate Anything in Radiance Fields18 Dec 2024
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024InstanceGaussian: Appearance-Semantic Joint Gaussian Representation for 3D Instance-Level Perceptioncited by 35
- 2025Rethinking End-to-End 2D to 3D Scene Segmentation in Gaussian Splattingcited by 29
- 2025ObjectGS: Object-aware Scene Reconstruction and Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
- 20243DSceneEditor: Controllable 3D Scene Editing with Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025ReferSplat: Referring Segmentation in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 20
- 2025OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splattingcited by 19
- 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
- 2025HiScene: Creating Hierarchical 3D Scenes with Isometric View Generationcited by 18
- 2025SIU3R: Simultaneous Scene Understanding and 3D Reconstruction Beyond Feature Alignmentcited by 15
- 2025CAGS: Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding with Context-Aware Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
- 2025iSegMan: Interactive Segment-and-Manipulate 3D Gaussianscited by 11
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026MEGA: Object-Level Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussian Splatting via Spatial Visual Distillation1 Oct 2026
- 2026PePESeg3D: Perception Prior Enhances Multi-Scale Segmentation for 3D Gaussian Splatting23 Sep 2026
- 2026VCAR: Training-Free 3DGS Segmentation via View Completeness and Axis-Aware Boundary Refinement31 Aug 2026
- 2026CapFrame: Text-Instructed Viewpoint Grounding in 3D Gaussian Scenes via Geometric Pseudo Labels31 Aug 2026
- 2026E3DGS: Unified Geometric-Photometric Equivariance for 3D Gaussian Splatting via Color-as-Geometry Embedding17 Jul 2026
- 2026SaaF: Scene-Specific Ambiguity-Aware 3D Language Fields towards Interactive Real-World Object Retrieval14 Jul 2026
- 2026Online Segment 3D Gaussians via Launching Virtual Drones2 Jul 2026
- 2026Relation-Centric Open-Vocabulary 3D Gaussian Segmentation1 Jul 2026
- 2026OP2GS: Object-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting with Dual-Opacity Primitives19 May 2026
- 2026BEA-GS: BEyond RAdiance Supervision in 3DGS for Precise Object Extraction10 May 2026
- 2026ClickSeg3D: Few-Click Interactive Segmentation via Semantic Embeddings9 May 2026
- 2026Ilov3Splat: Instance-Level Open-Vocabulary 3D Scene Understanding in Gaussian Splatting6 May 2026
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)