Learning a Multi-View Stereo Machine
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a learnt system for multi-view stereopsis. In contrast to recent learning based methods for 3D reconstruction, we leverage the underlying 3D geometry of the problem through feature projection and unprojection along viewing rays. By formulating these operations in a differentiable manner, we are able to learn the system end-to-end for the task of metric 3D reconstruction. End-to-end learning allows us to jointly reason about shape priors while conforming geometric constraints, enabling reconstruction from much fewer images (even a single image) than required by classical approaches as well as completion of unseen surfaces. We thoroughly evaluate our approach on the ShapeNet dataset and demonstrate the benefits over classical approaches as well as recent learning based methods.
Key facts. Cited by 194 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Aug 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 61; 2022: 50; 2023: 30; 2024: 28; 2025: 21; 2026: 4.
194 papers.
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- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,706
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,610
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
- 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 700
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 690
- 2021Common Objects in 3D: Large-Scale Learning and Evaluation of Real-life 3D Category Reconstructioncited by 648
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 534
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 370
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2021ABO: Dataset and Benchmarks for Real-World 3D Object Understandingcited by 363
- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 311
- 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
38 more
- 2021NeuralRecon: Real-Time Coherent 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 241
- 2022Geo-Neus: Geometry-Consistent Neural Implicit Surfaces Learning for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 211
- 2021Neural Articulated Radiance Fieldcited by 196
- 2021NerfingMVS: Guided Optimization of Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Multi-view Stereocited by 191
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
- 2022SparseNeuS: Fast Generalizable Neural Surface Reconstruction from Sparse Viewscited by 176
- 2021MINE: Towards Continuous Depth MPI with NeRF for Novel View Synthesiscited by 133
- 2021Unconstrained Scene Generation with Locally Conditioned Radiance Fieldscited by 130
- 2021Pathdreamer: A World Model for Indoor Navigationcited by 117
- 2023S-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Street Viewscited by 116
- 2024Flash3D: Feed-Forward Generalisable 3D Scene Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 114
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 111
- 2022EfficientNeRF: Efficient Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 110
- 2021Neural Parts: Learning Expressive 3D Shape Abstractions with Invertible Neural Networkscited by 103
- 2022NeRFusion: Fusing Radiance Fields for Large-Scale Scene Reconstructioncited by 100
- 2023PC2: Projection-Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstructioncited by 84
- 2022SimpleRecon: 3D Reconstruction Without 3D Convolutionscited by 83
- 2022Rethinking Depth Estimation for Multi-View Stereo: A Unified Representationcited by 82
- 2021H3D-Net: Few-Shot High-Fidelity 3D Head Reconstructioncited by 81
- 2021Learning Signed Distance Field for Multi-view Surface Reconstructioncited by 76
- 2025RayZer: A Self-supervised Large View Synthesis Modelcited by 75
- 2021AA-RMVSNet: Adaptive Aggregation Recurrent Multi-view Stereo Networkcited by 71
- 2023Ref-NeuS: Ambiguity-Reduced Neural Implicit Surface Learning for Multi-View Reconstruction with Reflectioncited by 68
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of 3D Object Categories from Videos in the Wildcited by 67
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scalecited by 65
- 2022Multi-Frame Self-Supervised Depth with Transformerscited by 64
- 2022NeuralUDF: Learning Unsigned Distance Fields for Multi-view Reconstruction of Surfaces with Arbitrary Topologiescited by 62
- 2021IterMVS: Iterative Probability Estimation for Efficient Multi-View Stereocited by 56
- 2021Sketch2Model: View-Aware 3D Modeling from Single Free-Hand Sketchescited by 54
- 2022Few-View Object Reconstruction with Unknown Categories and Camera Posescited by 53
- 2023NeO 360: Neural Fields for Sparse View Synthesis of Outdoor Scenescited by 53
- 2021Multi-view 3D Reconstruction with Transformercited by 52
- 2022Multiview Stereo with Cascaded Epipolar RAFTcited by 51
- 2022GIFS: Neural Implicit Function for General Shape Representationcited by 45
- 2021UnsupervisedR&R: Unsupervised Point Cloud Registration via Differentiable Renderingcited by 44
- 2021MVS2D: Efficient Multi-view Stereo via Attention-Driven 2D Convolutionscited by 43
- 2021Full Surround Monodepth from Multiple Camerascited by 41
50 most cited of 194 All 194 (JSON)
- 20263DMPE: 3D Multi-Perspective Embedding6 Jul 2026
- 2026Benchmarking stereo reconstruction for 3D printable Martian terrain models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Registration-Free Learnable Multi-View Capture of Faces in Dense Semantic Correspondence2 May 2026
- 2026OnlineX: Unified Online 3D Reconstruction and Understanding with Active-to-Stable State Evolution2 Mar 2026
- 2025MoonSeg3R: Monocular Online Zero-Shot Segment Anything in 3D with Reconstructive Foundation Priors17 Dec 2025
- 2025SplatPainter: Interactive Authoring of 3D Gaussians from 2D Edits via Test-Time Training5 Dec 2025
- 2025Optimizing 3D Gaussian Splattering for Mobile GPUs20 Nov 2025
- 2025Depth-Consistent 3D Gaussian Splatting via Physical Defocus Modeling and Multi-View Geometric Supervision13 Nov 2025
- 2025A 3D Generation Framework from Cross Modality to Parameterized Primitive9 Oct 2025
- 2025GaussianGAN: Real-Time Photorealistic controllable Human Avatars1 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Depth Foundation Model: Recent Trends in Vision-Based Depth Estimation15 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025MUVOD: A Novel Multi-view Video Object Segmentation Dataset and A Benchmark for 3D Segmentation10 Jul 2025
- 2025Generalizable Neural Reconstruction of High-Fidelity Surfaces via Sparse Volumetric Representations8 Jul 2025
- 20252D Triangle Splatting for Direct Differentiable Mesh Training23 Jun 2025
- 2025Is Single-View Mesh Reconstruction Ready for Robotics?23 May 2025
- 2025M2SVid: End-to-End Inpainting and Refinement for Monocular-to-Stereo Video Conversion22 May 2025
- 2025Blending 3D Geometry and Machine Learning for Multi-View Stereopsis6 May 2025
- 2025RayZer: A Self-supervised Large View Synthesis Model1 May 2025
- 2025Robust and Real-time Surface Normal Estimation from Stereo Disparities using Affine Transformations21 Apr 2025
- 2025IXGS-Intraoperative 3D Reconstruction from Sparse, Arbitrarily Posed Real X-rays20 Apr 2025
- 2025Detail-aware multi-view stereo network for depth estimation31 Mar 2025
- 2025Sub-Image Recapture for Multi-View 3D Reconstruction10 Mar 2025
- 2025MonoLite3D: Lightweight 3D Object Properties Estimation4 Mar 2025
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent State21 Jan 2025
- 2024View Transformation Robustness for Multi-View 3D Object Reconstruction with Reconstruction Error-Guided View Selection16 Dec 2024
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scale9 Dec 2024
- 2024Refine3DNet: Scaling Precision in 3D Object Reconstruction from Multi-View RGB Images using Attention1 Dec 2024
- 2024Quark: Real-time, High-resolution, and General Neural View Synthesis25 Nov 2024
- 2024From Transparent to Opaque: Rethinking Neural Implicit Surfaces with α-NeuS8 Nov 2024
- 2024PointRecon: Online Point-based 3D Reconstruction via Ray-based 2D-3D Matching30 Oct 2024
- 2024SS3DM: Benchmarking Street-View Surface Reconstruction with a Synthetic 3D Mesh Dataset29 Oct 2024
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splats16 Oct 2024
- 2024Multi-view Hand Reconstruction with a Point-Embedded Transformer20 Aug 2024
- 2024Magic3DSketch: Create Colorful 3D Models From Sketch-Based 3D Modeling Guided by Text and Language-Image Pre-Training27 Jul 2024
- 2024TreeSBA: Tree-Transformer for Self-Supervised Sequential Brick Assembly22 Jul 2024
- 2024Computer vision tasks for intelligent aerospace missions: An overview9 Jul 2024
- 2024Multiplane Prior Guided Few-Shot Aerial Scene Rendering7 Jun 2024
- 2024Normal-guided Detail-Preserving Neural Implicit Function for High-Fidelity 3D Surface Reconstruction7 Jun 2024
- 2024Flash3D: Feed-Forward Generalisable 3D Scene Reconstruction from a Single Image6 Jun 2024
- 2024Neural Surface Reconstruction from Sparse Views Using Epipolar Geometry6 Jun 2024
- 2024A Pixel Is Worth More Than One 3D Gaussians in Single-View 3D Reconstruction30 May 2024
- 2024Geometry-Informed Distance Candidate Selection for Adaptive Lightweight Omnidirectional Stereo Vision with Fisheye Images8 May 2024
- 2024Lightplane: Highly-Scalable Components for Neural 3D Fields30 Apr 2024
- 2024Adaptive Learning for Multi-view Stereo Reconstruction8 Apr 2024
- 2024NeRF2Points: Large-Scale Point Cloud Generation From Street Views' Radiance Field Optimization7 Apr 2024
- 2024The More You See in 2D, the More You Perceive in 3D4 Apr 2024
- 2024CHOSEN: Contrastive Hypothesis Selection for Multi-View Depth Refinement2 Apr 2024
- 2024HO-Gaussian: Hybrid Optimization of 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scenes29 Mar 2024
- 20243DFIRES: Few Image 3D REconstruction for Scenes with Hidden Surface13 Mar 2024
50 newest of 194 All 194 (JSON)
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scalecited by 65
- 2023HoloFusion: Towards Photo-realistic 3D Generative Modelingcited by 32
- 2023CCD-3DR: Consistent Conditioning in Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstructioncited by 10
- 2024The More You See in 2D, the More You Perceive in 3Dcited by 5
- 2024View Transformation Robustness for Multi-View 3D Object Reconstruction with Reconstruction Error-Guided View Selectioncited by 1
- 2024View Transformation Robustness for Multi-View 3D Object Reconstruction with Reconstruction Error-Guided View Selection16 Dec 2024
- 2024You See it, You Got it: Learning 3D Creation on Pose-Free Videos at Scale9 Dec 2024
- 2024The More You See in 2D, the More You Perceive in 3D4 Apr 2024
- 2023HoloFusion: Towards Photo-realistic 3D Generative Modeling28 Aug 2023
- 2023CCD-3DR: Consistent Conditioning in Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstruction15 Aug 2023
- 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,706
- 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,610
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
- 2021IBRNet: Learning Multi-View Image-Based Renderingcited by 700
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 690
- 2021Common Objects in 3D: Large-Scale Learning and Evaluation of Real-life 3D Category Reconstructioncited by 648
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 534
- 2021CLIP-NeRF: Text-and-Image Driven Manipulation of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 370
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2021ABO: Dataset and Benchmarks for Real-World 3D Object Understandingcited by 363
- 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 311
- 2021Mixture of Volumetric Primitives for Efficient Neural Renderingcited by 277
12 most cited of 187 All 187 (JSON)
- 20263DMPE: 3D Multi-Perspective Embedding6 Jul 2026
- 2026Benchmarking stereo reconstruction for 3D printable Martian terrain models9 Jun 2026
- 2026Registration-Free Learnable Multi-View Capture of Faces in Dense Semantic Correspondence2 May 2026
- 2026OnlineX: Unified Online 3D Reconstruction and Understanding with Active-to-Stable State Evolution2 Mar 2026
- 2025MoonSeg3R: Monocular Online Zero-Shot Segment Anything in 3D with Reconstructive Foundation Priors17 Dec 2025
- 2025SplatPainter: Interactive Authoring of 3D Gaussians from 2D Edits via Test-Time Training5 Dec 2025
- 2025Optimizing 3D Gaussian Splattering for Mobile GPUs20 Nov 2025
- 2025Depth-Consistent 3D Gaussian Splatting via Physical Defocus Modeling and Multi-View Geometric Supervision13 Nov 2025
- 2025A 3D Generation Framework from Cross Modality to Parameterized Primitive9 Oct 2025
- 2025GaussianGAN: Real-Time Photorealistic controllable Human Avatars1 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-view Gaze Target Estimation7 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Depth Foundation Model: Recent Trends in Vision-Based Depth Estimation15 Jul 2025
12 newest of 187 All 187 (JSON)