SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Expressive human pose and shape estimation (EHPS) unifies body, hands, and face motion capture with numerous applications. Despite encouraging progress, current state-of-the-art methods still depend largely on a confined set of training datasets. In this work, we investigate scaling up EHPS towards the first generalist foundation model (dubbed SMPLer-X), with up to ViT-Huge as the backbone and training with up to 4.5M instances from diverse data sources. With big data and the large model, SMPLer-X exhibits strong performance across diverse test benchmarks and excellent transferability to even unseen environments. 1) For the data scaling, we perform a systematic investigation on 32 EHPS datasets, including a wide range of scenarios that a model trained on any single dataset cannot handle. More importantly, capitalizing on insights obtained from the extensive benchmarking process, we optimize our training scheme and select datasets that lead to a significant leap in EHPS capabilities. 2) For the model scaling, we take advantage of vision transformers to study the scaling law of model sizes in EHPS. Moreover, our finetuning strategy turn SMPLer-X into specialist models, allowing them to achieve further performance boosts. Notably, our foundation model SMPLer-X consistently delivers state-of-the-art results on seven benchmarks such as AGORA (107.2 mm NMVE), UBody (57.4 mm PVE), EgoBody (63.6 mm PVE), and EHF (62.3 mm PVE without finetuning). Homepage: https://caizhongang.github.io/projects/SMPLer-X/
Key facts. Cited by 155 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 57 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2023.
Builds on
57 of 70 references.
References · 57
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
- 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,898
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
- 2022MotionDiffuse: Text-Driven Human Motion Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 780
- 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
- 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 620
- 2016Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation In The Wild Using Improved CNN Supervisioncited by 494
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 456
- 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 337
38 more
- 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 316
- 2022ARCTIC: A Dataset for Dexterous Bimanual Hand-Object Manipulationcited by 312
- 2020HybrIK: A Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics Solution for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 307
- 2019Resolving 3D Human Pose Ambiguities with 3D Scene Constraintscited by 295
- 2023ReMoDiffuse: Retrieval-Augmented Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 287
- 2022BEHAVE: Dataset and Method for Tracking Human Object Interactionscited by 249
- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 238
- 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
- 2018CrowdPose: Efficient Crowded Scenes Pose Estimation and A New Benchmarkcited by 214
- 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
- 2021AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysiscited by 205
- 2017Single-Shot Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation From Monocular RGBcited by 195
- 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 180
- 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
- 2017PoseTrack: A Benchmark for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 173
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 169
- 2018Monocular Total Capture: Posing Face, Body, and Hands in the Wildcited by 162
- 2020Monocular Expressive Body Regression through Body-Driven Attentioncited by 155
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
- 2021EgoBody: Human Body Shape and Motion of Interacting People from Head-Mounted Devicescited by 139
- 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
- 2021SPEC: Seeing People in the Wild with an Estimated Cameracited by 135
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 130
- 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 117
- 2020Exemplar Fine-Tuning for 3D Human Model Fitting Towards In-the-Wild 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 113
- 2018Pose2Seg: Detection Free Human Instance Segmentationcited by 107
- 2023DNA-Rendering: A Diverse Neural Actor Repository for High-Fidelity Human-centric Renderingcited by 103
- 2021On Self-Contact and Human Posecited by 89
- 2020Synthetic Training for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation in the Wildcited by 82
- 2020Accurate 3D Hand Pose Estimation for Whole-Body 3D Human Mesh Estimationcited by 81
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 64
- 2020NeuralAnnot: Neural Annotator for 3D Human Mesh Training Setscited by 62
- 2023UniHCP: A Unified Model for Human-Centric Perceptionscited by 59
- 2023SynBody: Synthetic Dataset with Layered Human Models for 3D Human Perception and Modelingcited by 54
- 2020Monocular Real-time Full Body Capture with Inter-part Correlationscited by 53
- 2022Learning 3D Human Pose Estimation from Dozens of Datasets using a Geometry-Aware Autoencoder to Bridge Between Skeleton Formatscited by 50
- 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recoverycited by 49
- 2023Zolly: Zoom Focal Length Correctly for Perspective-Distorted Human Mesh Reconstructioncited by 41
50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 52; 2025: 56; 2026: 40.
155 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 206
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 124
- 2024Nymeria: A Massive Collection of Multimodal Egocentric Daily Motion in the Wildcited by 114
- 2025Being-H0: Vision-Language-Action Pretraining from Large-Scale Human Videoscited by 102
- 2024Multi-HMR: Multi-Person Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery in a Single Shotcited by 101
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
- 2023SiTH: Single-view Textured Human Reconstruction with Image-Conditioned Diffusioncited by 72
- 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 69
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2024IDOL: Instant Photorealistic 3D Human Creation from a Single Imagecited by 55
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
- 2024AiOS: All-in-One-Stage Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 42
38 more
- 2023GenZI: Zero-Shot 3D Human-Scene Interaction Generationcited by 40
- 2024RealisDance: Equip controllable character animation with realistic handscited by 37
- 2023Egocentric Whole-Body Motion Capture with FisheyeViT and Diffusion-Based Motion Refinementcited by 31
- 2024WHAC: World-grounded Humans and Camerascited by 30
- 2024UniTalker: Scaling up Audio-Driven 3D Facial Animation through A Unified Modelcited by 30
- 2025Joint Optimization for 4D Human-Scene Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 29
- 2024NRDF: Neural Riemannian Distance Fields for Learning Articulated Pose Priorscited by 27
- 2024VividPose: Advancing Stable Video Diffusion for Realistic Human Image Animationcited by 27
- 2024EgoChoir: Capturing 3D Human-Object Interaction Regions from Egocentric Viewscited by 26
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insightscited by 25
- 2024ZeroHSI: Zero-Shot 4D Human-Scene Interaction by Video Generationcited by 25
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motioncited by 25
- 2023Hulk: A Universal Knowledge Translator for Human-Centric Taskscited by 22
- 2025Reconstructing Humans with a Biomechanically Accurate Skeletoncited by 22
- 2024Expressive Gaussian Human Avatars from Monocular RGB Videocited by 21
- 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformercited by 20
- 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 19
- 2025Re-HOLD: Video Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via adaptive Layout-instructed Diffusion Modelcited by 19
- 2024UniPose: A Unified Multimodal Framework for Human Pose Comprehension, Generation and Editingcited by 18
- 2024SOLAMI: Social Vision-Language-Action Modeling for Immersive Interaction with 3D Autonomous Characterscited by 18
- 2024MMVP: A Multimodal MoCap Dataset with Vision and Pressure Sensorscited by 17
- 2024Disco4D: Disentangled 4D Human Generation and Animation from a Single Imagecited by 17
- 2025UniEgoMotion: A Unified Model for Egocentric Motion Reconstruction, Forecasting, and Generationcited by 17
- 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Methodcited by 16
- 2025HERO: Human Reaction Generation from Videoscited by 15
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 14
- 2025CARI4D: Category Agnostic 4D Reconstruction of Human-Object Interactioncited by 14
- 2023VQ-HPS: Human Pose and Shape Estimation in a Vector-Quantized Latent Spacecited by 13
- 2024STAR: Skeleton-aware Text-based 4D Avatar Generation with In-Network Motion Retargetingcited by 13
- 2024Breaking Class Barriers: Efficient Dataset Distillation via Inter-Class Feature Compensatorcited by 13
- 2024DeCo: Decoupled Human-Centered Diffusion Video Editing with Motion Consistencycited by 13
- 2024X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensingcited by 13
- 2024MoTe: Learning Motion-Text Diffusion Model for Multiple Generation Taskscited by 13
- 2025Reconstructing In-the-Wild Open-Vocabulary Human-Object Interactionscited by 13
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Priorcited by 13
- 2024Surfel-based Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Fast and Relightable Dynamic Human Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 12
- 2025Human-Centric Foundation Models: Perception, Generation and Agentic Modelingcited by 12
- 2024DivaTrack: Diverse Bodies and Motions from Acceleration-Enhanced Three-Point Trackerscited by 11
50 most cited of 155 All 155 (JSON)
- 2026DreamHMR: From Video Generation to Human Motion Modeling via Structural Focusing14 Oct 2026
- 2026Simultaneous Translation between Sign Languages28 Sep 2026
- 2026PHOSA: Photorealistic 3D Sign Avatar Modeling and Benchmark24 Sep 2026
- 2026LEAP-NBV: Lightweight Edge Active-Perception for Foundation-Model Next-Best-View Planning21 Sep 2026
- 2026EventEgoHands++: Event-based Egocentric 3D Hand Mesh Reconstruction with Real Dataset15 Sep 2026
- 2026GraspHOI: Full-Body 3D Human-Object Reconstruction with Finger-Level Grasps from a Single In-the-Wild Image28 Aug 2026
- 2026TransHands: Repurposing Human Pose Encoders as Hand Pose Encoders23 Aug 2026
- 2026Topology-Unified 2D Pose Estimation across Intact, Residual and Prosthetic Limbs13 Aug 2026
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine30 Jul 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026PressMimic: Pressure-Guided Motion Capture and Control for Humanoid Robot Imitation25 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Multi-HMR 2: Multi-Person Camera-Centric Human Detection, Mesh Recovery and Tracking12 Jun 2026
- 2026AnyMo: Scaling Any-Modality Conditional Motion Generation with Masked Modeling28 May 2026
- 2026H-Flow: Self-supervised Human Scene Flow via Physics-inspired Joint Multi-modal Learning21 May 2026
- 2026DanceHMR: Hand-Aware Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Videos18 May 2026
- 2026AnyAct: Towards Human Reenactment of Character Motion From Video15 May 2026
- 2026Towards Continuous Sign Language Conversation from Isolated Signs14 May 2026
- 2026Egocentric Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery with Prior-Guided Learning9 May 2026
- 2026Tamaththul3D: High-Fidelity 3D Saudi Sign Language Avatars from Monocular Video6 May 2026
- 2026InterMesh: Explicit Interaction-Aware End-to-End Multi-Person Human Mesh Recovery6 May 2026
- 2026ResiHMR: Residual-Limb Aware Single-Image 3D Human Mesh Recovery for Individuals with Limb Loss30 Apr 2026
- 2026Evaluation of Pose Estimation Systems for Sign Language Translation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploring the Role of Synthetic Data Augmentation in Controllable Human-Centric Video Generation23 Apr 2026
- 2026Discriminative-Generative Synergy for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Mesh Recovery20 Apr 2026
- 2026Towards Multi-View Sign Language Understanding: A Benchmark Dataset and Baseline20 Apr 2026
- 2026Chatting about Upper-Body Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimation20 Apr 2026
- 2026ETCH-X: Robustify Expressive Body Fitting to Clothed Humans with Composable Datasets9 Apr 2026
- 2026Enhancing Box and Block Test with Computer Vision for Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Motor Evaluation31 Mar 2026
- 2026PoseDreamer: Scalable and Photorealistic Human Data Generation Pipeline with Diffusion Models30 Mar 2026
- 2026NymeriaPlus: Enriching Nymeria Dataset with Additional Annotations and Data19 Mar 2026
- 2026Patient4D: Temporally Consistent Patient Body Mesh Recovery from Monocular Operating Room Video17 Mar 2026
- 2026HSImul3R: Physics-in-the-Loop Reconstruction of Simulation-Ready Human-Scene Interactions16 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast SAM 3D Body: Accelerating SAM 3D Body for Real-Time Full-Body Human Mesh Recovery16 Mar 2026
- 2026Enhancing Hands in 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation with Conditional Hands Modulator16 Mar 2026
- 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recovery17 Feb 2026
- 2026JOintGS: Joint Optimization of Cameras, Bodies and 3D Gaussians for In-the-Wild Monocular Reconstruction4 Feb 2026
- 2026VRGaussianAvatar: Integrating 3D Gaussian Avatars into VR2 Feb 2026
- 2026PEAR: Pixel-aligned Expressive humAn mesh Recovery30 Jan 2026
- 2026UniSH: Unifying Scene and Human Reconstruction in a Feed-Forward Pass3 Jan 2026
- 2025DexAvatar: 3D Sign Language Reconstruction with Hand and Body Pose Priors24 Dec 2025
- 2025CARI4D: Category Agnostic 4D Reconstruction of Human-Object Interaction12 Dec 2025
- 2025Contact-Aware Refinement of Human Pose Pseudo-Ground Truth via Bioimpedance Sensing4 Dec 2025
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025OmniPerson: Unified Identity-Preserving Pedestrian Generation2 Dec 2025
- 2025Efficient and Scalable Monocular Human-Object Interaction Motion Reconstruction30 Nov 2025
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motion18 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Space17 Nov 2025
- 2025Large Sign Language Models: Toward 3D American Sign Language Translation11 Nov 2025
- 2025Introducing A Bangla Sentence - Gloss Pair Dataset for Bangla Sign Language Translation and Research11 Nov 2025
50 newest of 155 All 155 (JSON)
- 2023SiTH: Single-view Textured Human Reconstruction with Image-Conditioned Diffusioncited by 72
- 2024VividPose: Advancing Stable Video Diffusion for Realistic Human Image Animationcited by 27
- 2025Re-HOLD: Video Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via adaptive Layout-instructed Diffusion Modelcited by 19
- 2024STAR: Skeleton-aware Text-based 4D Avatar Generation with In-Network Motion Retargetingcited by 13
- 2024DeCo: Decoupled Human-Centered Diffusion Video Editing with Motion Consistencycited by 13
- 2024MoTe: Learning Motion-Text Diffusion Model for Multiple Generation Taskscited by 13
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Priorcited by 13
- 2024MotionWavelet: Human Motion Prediction via Wavelet Manifold Learningcited by 8
- 2025iDiT-HOI: Inpainting-based Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via Video Diffusion Transformercited by 5
- 2025Controllable Human-centric Keyframe Interpolation with Generative Priorcited by 4
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformerscited by 3
- 2024SOAR: Self-Occluded Avatar Recovery from a Single Video In the Wildcited by 1
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026PoseDreamer: Scalable and Photorealistic Human Data Generation Pipeline with Diffusion Models30 Mar 2026
- 2025Co-speech Gesture Video Generation via Motion-Based Graph Retrieval2 Dec 2025
- 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Prior1 Aug 2025
- 2025iDiT-HOI: Inpainting-based Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via Video Diffusion Transformer15 Jun 2025
- 2025Controllable Human-centric Keyframe Interpolation with Generative Prior3 Jun 2025
- 2025Re-HOLD: Video Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via adaptive Layout-instructed Diffusion Model21 Mar 2025
- 2025Cosh-DiT: Co-Speech Gesture Video Synthesis via Hybrid Audio-Visual Diffusion Transformers13 Mar 2025
- 2024MoTe: Learning Motion-Text Diffusion Model for Multiple Generation Tasks29 Nov 2024
- 2024MotionWavelet: Human Motion Prediction via Wavelet Manifold Learning25 Nov 2024
- 2024SOAR: Self-Occluded Avatar Recovery from a Single Video In the Wild31 Oct 2024
- 2024DeCo: Decoupled Human-Centered Diffusion Video Editing with Motion Consistency14 Aug 2024
- 2024STAR: Skeleton-aware Text-based 4D Avatar Generation with In-Network Motion Retargeting7 Jun 2024
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 206
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 124
- 2024Nymeria: A Massive Collection of Multimodal Egocentric Daily Motion in the Wildcited by 114
- 2024Multi-HMR: Multi-Person Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery in a Single Shotcited by 101
- 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
- 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 69
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
- 2024IDOL: Instant Photorealistic 3D Human Creation from a Single Imagecited by 55
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
- 2024AiOS: All-in-One-Stage Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 42
- 2023GenZI: Zero-Shot 3D Human-Scene Interaction Generationcited by 40
- 2024RealisDance: Equip controllable character animation with realistic handscited by 37
12 most cited of 136 All 136 (JSON)
- 2026DreamHMR: From Video Generation to Human Motion Modeling via Structural Focusing14 Oct 2026
- 2026Simultaneous Translation between Sign Languages28 Sep 2026
- 2026PHOSA: Photorealistic 3D Sign Avatar Modeling and Benchmark24 Sep 2026
- 2026LEAP-NBV: Lightweight Edge Active-Perception for Foundation-Model Next-Best-View Planning21 Sep 2026
- 2026EventEgoHands++: Event-based Egocentric 3D Hand Mesh Reconstruction with Real Dataset15 Sep 2026
- 2026GraspHOI: Full-Body 3D Human-Object Reconstruction with Finger-Level Grasps from a Single In-the-Wild Image28 Aug 2026
- 2026TransHands: Repurposing Human Pose Encoders as Hand Pose Encoders23 Aug 2026
- 2026Topology-Unified 2D Pose Estimation across Intact, Residual and Prosthetic Limbs13 Aug 2026
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine30 Jul 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026PressMimic: Pressure-Guided Motion Capture and Control for Humanoid Robot Imitation25 Jun 2026
12 newest of 136 All 136 (JSON)