mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimation

arXiv 2309.17448 ↗First posted 29 Sep 2023cs.CVcited by 155

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Abstract (arXiv)

Expressive human pose and shape estimation (EHPS) unifies body, hands, and face motion capture with numerous applications. Despite encouraging progress, current state-of-the-art methods still depend largely on a confined set of training datasets. In this work, we investigate scaling up EHPS towards the first generalist foundation model (dubbed SMPLer-X), with up to ViT-Huge as the backbone and training with up to 4.5M instances from diverse data sources. With big data and the large model, SMPLer-X exhibits strong performance across diverse test benchmarks and excellent transferability to even unseen environments. 1) For the data scaling, we perform a systematic investigation on 32 EHPS datasets, including a wide range of scenarios that a model trained on any single dataset cannot handle. More importantly, capitalizing on insights obtained from the extensive benchmarking process, we optimize our training scheme and select datasets that lead to a significant leap in EHPS capabilities. 2) For the model scaling, we take advantage of vision transformers to study the scaling law of model sizes in EHPS. Moreover, our finetuning strategy turn SMPLer-X into specialist models, allowing them to achieve further performance boosts. Notably, our foundation model SMPLer-X consistently delivers state-of-the-art results on seven benchmarks such as AGORA (107.2 mm NMVE), UBody (57.4 mm PVE), EgoBody (63.6 mm PVE), and EHF (62.3 mm PVE without finetuning). Homepage: https://caizhongang.github.io/projects/SMPLer-X/

Key facts. Cited by 155 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 57 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2023.

Builds on

57 of 70 references.

References · 57

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  3. 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,898
  4. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,612
  5. 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 885
  6. 2022MotionDiffuse: Text-Driven Human Motion Generation with Diffusion Modelcited by 780
  7. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 695
  8. 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 627
  9. 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 620
  10. 2016Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation In The Wild Using Improved CNN Supervisioncited by 494
  11. 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 456
  12. 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 337
38 more
  1. 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 316
  2. 2022ARCTIC: A Dataset for Dexterous Bimanual Hand-Object Manipulationcited by 312
  3. 2020HybrIK: A Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics Solution for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 307
  4. 2019Resolving 3D Human Pose Ambiguities with 3D Scene Constraintscited by 295
  5. 2023ReMoDiffuse: Retrieval-Augmented Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 287
  6. 2022BEHAVE: Dataset and Method for Tracking Human Object Interactionscited by 249
  7. 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 238
  8. 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 236
  9. 2018CrowdPose: Efficient Crowded Scenes Pose Estimation and A New Benchmarkcited by 214
  10. 2017Unite the People: Closing the Loop Between 3D and 2D Human Representationscited by 205
  11. 2021AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysiscited by 205
  12. 2017Single-Shot Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation From Monocular RGBcited by 195
  13. 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 180
  14. 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
  15. 2017PoseTrack: A Benchmark for Human Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 173
  16. 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 169
  17. 2018Monocular Total Capture: Posing Face, Body, and Hands in the Wildcited by 162
  18. 2020Monocular Expressive Body Regression through Body-Driven Attentioncited by 155
  19. 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 153
  20. 2021EgoBody: Human Body Shape and Motion of Interacting People from Head-Mounted Devicescited by 139
  21. 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
  22. 2021SPEC: Seeing People in the Wild with an Estimated Cameracited by 135
  23. 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 130
  24. 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 117
  25. 2020Exemplar Fine-Tuning for 3D Human Model Fitting Towards In-the-Wild 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 113
  26. 2018Pose2Seg: Detection Free Human Instance Segmentationcited by 107
  27. 2023DNA-Rendering: A Diverse Neural Actor Repository for High-Fidelity Human-centric Renderingcited by 103
  28. 2021On Self-Contact and Human Posecited by 89
  29. 2020Synthetic Training for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation in the Wildcited by 82
  30. 2020Accurate 3D Hand Pose Estimation for Whole-Body 3D Human Mesh Estimationcited by 81
  31. 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 64
  32. 2020NeuralAnnot: Neural Annotator for 3D Human Mesh Training Setscited by 62
  33. 2023UniHCP: A Unified Model for Human-Centric Perceptionscited by 59
  34. 2023SynBody: Synthetic Dataset with Layered Human Models for 3D Human Perception and Modelingcited by 54
  35. 2020Monocular Real-time Full Body Capture with Inter-part Correlationscited by 53
  36. 2022Learning 3D Human Pose Estimation from Dozens of Datasets using a Geometry-Aware Autoencoder to Bridge Between Skeleton Formatscited by 50
  37. 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recoverycited by 49
  38. 2023Zolly: Zoom Focal Length Correctly for Perspective-Distorted Human Mesh Reconstructioncited by 41

50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 52; 2025: 56; 2026: 40.

155 papers.

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  1. 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 206
  2. 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 124
  3. 2024Nymeria: A Massive Collection of Multimodal Egocentric Daily Motion in the Wildcited by 114
  4. 2025Being-H0: Vision-Language-Action Pretraining from Large-Scale Human Videoscited by 102
  5. 2024Multi-HMR: Multi-Person Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery in a Single Shotcited by 101
  6. 2024Expressive Whole-Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 89
  7. 2023SiTH: Single-view Textured Human Reconstruction with Image-Conditioned Diffusioncited by 72
  8. 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 69
  9. 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 59
  10. 2024IDOL: Instant Photorealistic 3D Human Creation from a Single Imagecited by 55
  11. 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
  12. 2024AiOS: All-in-One-Stage Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 42
38 more
  1. 2023GenZI: Zero-Shot 3D Human-Scene Interaction Generationcited by 40
  2. 2024RealisDance: Equip controllable character animation with realistic handscited by 37
  3. 2023Egocentric Whole-Body Motion Capture with FisheyeViT and Diffusion-Based Motion Refinementcited by 31
  4. 2024WHAC: World-grounded Humans and Camerascited by 30
  5. 2024UniTalker: Scaling up Audio-Driven 3D Facial Animation through A Unified Modelcited by 30
  6. 2025Joint Optimization for 4D Human-Scene Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 29
  7. 2024NRDF: Neural Riemannian Distance Fields for Learning Articulated Pose Priorscited by 27
  8. 2024VividPose: Advancing Stable Video Diffusion for Realistic Human Image Animationcited by 27
  9. 2024EgoChoir: Capturing 3D Human-Object Interaction Regions from Egocentric Viewscited by 26
  10. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insightscited by 25
  11. 2024ZeroHSI: Zero-Shot 4D Human-Scene Interaction by Video Generationcited by 25
  12. 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motioncited by 25
  13. 2023Hulk: A Universal Knowledge Translator for Human-Centric Taskscited by 22
  14. 2025Reconstructing Humans with a Biomechanically Accurate Skeletoncited by 22
  15. 2024Expressive Gaussian Human Avatars from Monocular RGB Videocited by 21
  16. 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformercited by 20
  17. 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 19
  18. 2025Re-HOLD: Video Hand Object Interaction Reenactment via adaptive Layout-instructed Diffusion Modelcited by 19
  19. 2024UniPose: A Unified Multimodal Framework for Human Pose Comprehension, Generation and Editingcited by 18
  20. 2024SOLAMI: Social Vision-Language-Action Modeling for Immersive Interaction with 3D Autonomous Characterscited by 18
  21. 2024MMVP: A Multimodal MoCap Dataset with Vision and Pressure Sensorscited by 17
  22. 2024Disco4D: Disentangled 4D Human Generation and Animation from a Single Imagecited by 17
  23. 2025UniEgoMotion: A Unified Model for Egocentric Motion Reconstruction, Forecasting, and Generationcited by 17
  24. 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Methodcited by 16
  25. 2025HERO: Human Reaction Generation from Videoscited by 15
  26. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 14
  27. 2025CARI4D: Category Agnostic 4D Reconstruction of Human-Object Interactioncited by 14
  28. 2023VQ-HPS: Human Pose and Shape Estimation in a Vector-Quantized Latent Spacecited by 13
  29. 2024STAR: Skeleton-aware Text-based 4D Avatar Generation with In-Network Motion Retargetingcited by 13
  30. 2024Breaking Class Barriers: Efficient Dataset Distillation via Inter-Class Feature Compensatorcited by 13
  31. 2024DeCo: Decoupled Human-Centered Diffusion Video Editing with Motion Consistencycited by 13
  32. 2024X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensingcited by 13
  33. 2024MoTe: Learning Motion-Text Diffusion Model for Multiple Generation Taskscited by 13
  34. 2025Reconstructing In-the-Wild Open-Vocabulary Human-Object Interactionscited by 13
  35. 2025DPoser-X: Diffusion Model as Robust 3D Whole-body Human Pose Priorcited by 13
  36. 2024Surfel-based Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Fast and Relightable Dynamic Human Reconstruction from Monocular Videocited by 12
  37. 2025Human-Centric Foundation Models: Perception, Generation and Agentic Modelingcited by 12
  38. 2024DivaTrack: Diverse Bodies and Motions from Acceleration-Enhanced Three-Point Trackerscited by 11

50 most cited of 155 All 155 (JSON)