Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Video
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Abstract (arXiv)
From an image of a person in action, we can easily guess the 3D motion of the person in the immediate past and future. This is because we have a mental model of 3D human dynamics that we have acquired from observing visual sequences of humans in motion. We present a framework that can similarly learn a representation of 3D dynamics of humans from video via a simple but effective temporal encoding of image features. At test time, from video, the learned temporal representation give rise to smooth 3D mesh predictions. From a single image, our model can recover the current 3D mesh as well as its 3D past and future motion. Our approach is designed so it can learn from videos with 2D pose annotations in a semi-supervised manner. Though annotated data is always limited, there are millions of videos uploaded daily on the Internet. In this work, we harvest this Internet-scale source of unlabeled data by training our model on unlabeled video with pseudo-ground truth 2D pose obtained from an off-the-shelf 2D pose detector. Our experiments show that adding more videos with pseudo-ground truth 2D pose monotonically improves 3D prediction performance. We evaluate our model, Human Mesh and Motion Recovery (HMMR), on the recent challenging dataset of 3D Poses in the Wild and obtain state-of-the-art performance on the 3D prediction task without any fine-tuning. The project website with video, code, and data can be found at https://akanazawa.github.io/human_dynamics/.
Key facts. Cited by 315 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 78; 2022: 55; 2023: 64; 2024: 47; 2025: 39; 2026: 32.
315 papers.
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- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
- 2021Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Synthesis with Transformer VAEcited by 497
- 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 344
- 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 334
- 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
- 2021PyMAF: 3D Human Pose and Shape Regression with Pyramidal Mesh Alignment Feedback Loopcited by 250
- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 237
- 2023InterGen: Diffusion-based Multi-human Motion Generation under Complex Interactionscited by 205
- 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 200
- 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 188
- 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
38 more
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 159
- 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 152
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 151
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
- 2021Collaborative Regression of Expressive Bodies using Moderationcited by 137
- 2021EgoBody: Human Body Shape and Motion of Interacting People from Head-Mounted Devicescited by 136
- 2021SPEC: Seeing People in the Wild with an Estimated Cameracited by 134
- 2024World-Grounded Human Motion Recovery via Gravity-View Coordinatescited by 127
- 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 115
- 2021SimPoE: Simulated Character Control for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 111
- 2024Nymeria: A Massive Collection of Multimodal Egocentric Daily Motion in the Wildcited by 109
- 2024TRAM: Global Trajectory and Motion of 3D Humans from in-the-wild Videoscited by 105
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physicscited by 100
- 2021Learning Motion Priors for 4D Human Body Capture in 3D Scenescited by 98
- 2024TokenHMR: Advancing Human Mesh Recovery with a Tokenized Pose Representationcited by 93
- 2022InterCap: Joint Markerless 3D Tracking of Humans and Objects in Interactioncited by 90
- 2023RelPose++: Recovering 6D Poses from Sparse-view Observationscited by 87
- 2022Transformer Inertial Poser: Real-time Human Motion Reconstruction from Sparse IMUs with Simultaneous Terrain Generationcited by 75
- 2021MobRecon: Mobile-Friendly Hand Mesh Reconstruction from Monocular Imagecited by 74
- 2022QuestSim: Human Motion Tracking from Sparse Sensors with Simulated Avatarscited by 74
- 2021SCALE: Modeling Clothed Humans with a Surface Codec of Articulated Local Elementscited by 72
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2025PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recoverycited by 70
- 2021Physics-based Human Motion Estimation and Synthesis from Videoscited by 65
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
- 2024CameraHMR: Aligning People with Perspectivecited by 64
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 63
- 2021Encoder-decoder with Multi-level Attention for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimationcited by 62
- 2021DOVE: Learning Deformable 3D Objects by Watching Videoscited by 61
- 2022Implicit Neural Representations for Variable Length Human Motion Generationcited by 61
- 2021S3: Neural Shape, Skeleton, and Skinning Fields for 3D Human Modelingcited by 59
- 2021Camera-Space Hand Mesh Recovery via Semantic Aggregation and Adaptive 2D-1D Registrationcited by 59
- 2022Capturing Humans in Motion: Temporal-Attentive 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 59
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2021Towards unconstrained joint hand-object reconstruction from RGB videoscited by 57
- 2021Estimating Egocentric 3D Human Pose in Global Spacecited by 56
50 most cited of 315 All 315 (JSON)
- 2026BeyondRetarget: Learning Executable Humanoid Motions Directly from Monocular Video24 Sep 2026
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026ToCo-Mesh: Topology-Consistent Dynamic Mesh Reconstruction via Adaptive Tessellation and Surface-Aligned 2DGS1 Sep 2026
- 2026EgoExoMoCap: Distributed Ego-Exo Human Motion Capture17 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Thermal Imaging: Inferring Thermophysical Properties from Time-Resolved Thermal Observations8 Jul 2026
- 2026LUNA: Learning Universal 3D Human Animation Beyond Skinning30 Jun 2026
- 2026Again-Pose: Anchor-Guided Adaptive Inter-Frame Motion Cues Propagating for High-quality Human Pose Reconstruction28 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene and Human in One World: Reconstruction in a Feedforward Pass26 Jun 2026
- 2026PressMimic: Pressure-Guided Motion Capture and Control for Humanoid Robot Imitation25 Jun 2026
- 2026A Latent ODE Approach to Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cine Cardiac MRI25 Jun 2026
- 2026TaskNPoint: How to Teach Your Humanoid to Hit a Backhand in Minutes24 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026Fine-grained Human Motion Understanding with Language Models18 Jun 2026
- 2026B'ezier Degradation Modeling for LiDAR-based Human Motion Capture19 May 2026
- 2026Multi-scale Coarse-to-fine Modeling for Test-time Human Motion Control14 May 2026
- 2026FactorizedHMR: A Hybrid Framework for Video Human Mesh Recovery14 May 2026
- 2026EgoForce: Forearm-Guided Camera-Space 3D Hand Pose from a Monocular Egocentric Camera12 May 2026
- 2026MoPO: Incorporating Motion Prior for Occluded Human Mesh Recovery11 May 2026
- 2026LAMP: Localization Aware Multi-camera People Tracking in Metric 3D World6 May 2026
- 2026HumanSplatHMR: Closing the Loop Between Human Mesh Recovery and Gaussian Splatting Avatar4 May 2026
- 2026BarbieGait: An Identity-Consistent Synthetic Human Dataset with Versatile Cloth-Changing for Gait Recognition14 Apr 2026
- 2026PoseDreamer: Scalable and Photorealistic Human Data Generation Pipeline with Diffusion Models30 Mar 2026
- 2026MoViD: View-Invariant 3D Human Pose Estimation via Motion-View Disentanglement29 Mar 2026
- 2026Improving 3D Foot Motion Reconstruction in Markerless Monocular Human Motion Capture10 Mar 2026
- 2026VLM-Guided Group Preference Alignment for Diffusion-based Human Mesh Recovery22 Feb 2026
- 2026SARS: A Novel Face and Body Shape and Appearance Aware 3D Reconstruction System extends Morphable Models10 Feb 2026
- 2026PEAR: Pixel-aligned Expressive humAn mesh Recovery30 Jan 2026
- 2026Towards Geometry-Aware and Motion-Guided Video Human Mesh Recovery29 Jan 2026
- 2026QuaMo: Quaternion Motions for Vision-based 3D Human Kinematics Capture27 Jan 2026
- 2026Masked Modeling for Human Motion Recovery Under Occlusions22 Jan 2026
- 2026Curriculum-Based Strategies for Efficient Cross-Domain Action Recognition20 Jan 2026
- 2026DiffProxy: Multi-View Human Mesh Recovery via Diffusion-Generated Dense Proxies5 Jan 2026
- 2025Age-Inclusive 3D Human Mesh Recovery for Action-Preserving Data Anonymization4 Dec 2025
- 2025UniMo: Unifying 2D Video and 3D Human Motion with an Autoregressive Framework3 Dec 2025
- 2025Efficient and Scalable Monocular Human-Object Interaction Motion Reconstruction30 Nov 2025
- 2025Shoe Style-Invariant and Ground-Aware Learning for Dense Foot Contact Estimation27 Nov 2025
- 2025SKEL-CF: Coarse-to-Fine Biomechanical Skeleton and Surface Mesh Recovery25 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust Long-term Test-Time Adaptation for 3D Human Pose Estimation through Motion Discretization24 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Space17 Nov 2025
- 2025Group Inertial Poser: Multi-Person Pose and Global Translation from Sparse Inertial Sensors and Ultra-Wideband Ranging24 Oct 2025
- 2025Advances in 4D Representation: Geometry, Motion, and Interaction22 Oct 2025
- 2025UniHPR: Unified Human Pose Representation via Singular Value Contrastive Learning21 Oct 2025
- 2025On the Use of Hierarchical Vision Foundation Models for Low-Cost Human Mesh Recovery and Pose Estimation14 Oct 2025
- 2025FastHMR: Accelerating Human Mesh Recovery via Token and Layer Merging with Diffusion Decoding13 Oct 2025
- 2025Human3R: Everyone Everywhere All at Once7 Oct 2025
- 2025CARE-PD: A Multi-Site Anonymized Clinical Dataset for Parkinson's Disease Gait Assessment5 Oct 2025
- 2025AJAHR: Amputated Joint Aware 3D Human Mesh Recovery24 Sep 2025
- 2025Improving Human Motion Plausibility with Body Momentum11 Sep 2025
- 2025PHD: Personalized 3D Human Body Fitting with Point Diffusion28 Aug 2025
- 2025PersPose: 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perspective Encoding and Perspective Rotation24 Aug 2025
50 newest of 315 All 315 (JSON)
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Objectcited by 1,483
- 2023InterGen: Diffusion-based Multi-human Motion Generation under Complex Interactionscited by 205
- 2024Score-Guided Diffusion for 3D Human Recoverycited by 39
- 2022Pretrained Diffusion Models for Unified Human Motion Synthesiscited by 26
- 2024COIN: Control-Inpainting Diffusion Prior for Human and Camera Motion Estimationcited by 15
- 2024Extreme Two-View Geometry From Object Poses with Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2025Biomechanics-Guided Residual Approach to Generalizable Human Motion Generation and Estimationcited by 1
- 2026PoseDreamer: Scalable and Photorealistic Human Data Generation Pipeline with Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026PoseDreamer: Scalable and Photorealistic Human Data Generation Pipeline with Diffusion Models30 Mar 2026
- 2025Biomechanics-Guided Residual Approach to Generalizable Human Motion Generation and Estimation8 Mar 2025
- 2024COIN: Control-Inpainting Diffusion Prior for Human and Camera Motion Estimation29 Aug 2024
- 2024Score-Guided Diffusion for 3D Human Recovery14 Mar 2024
- 2024Extreme Two-View Geometry From Object Poses with Diffusion Models5 Feb 2024
- 2023InterGen: Diffusion-based Multi-human Motion Generation under Complex Interactions12 Apr 2023
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object20 Mar 2023
- 2022Pretrained Diffusion Models for Unified Human Motion Synthesis6 Dec 2022
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 159
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstruction29 Aug 2024
- 2021Action-Conditioned 3D Human Motion Synthesis with Transformer VAEcited by 497
- 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 344
- 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 334
- 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
- 2021PyMAF: 3D Human Pose and Shape Regression with Pyramidal Mesh Alignment Feedback Loopcited by 250
- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 237
- 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 200
- 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 188
- 2021SCANimate: Weakly Supervised Learning of Skinned Clothed Avatar Networkscited by 181
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
- 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
- 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 152
12 most cited of 304 All 304 (JSON)
- 2026BeyondRetarget: Learning Executable Humanoid Motions Directly from Monocular Video24 Sep 2026
- 2026MHE-Former: Multi-Hypothesis Transformers via Entropy Maximization for 3D Mesh Recovery9 Sep 2026
- 2026ToCo-Mesh: Topology-Consistent Dynamic Mesh Reconstruction via Adaptive Tessellation and Surface-Aligned 2DGS1 Sep 2026
- 2026EgoExoMoCap: Distributed Ego-Exo Human Motion Capture17 Jul 2026
- 2026DETRAM: End-to-end DEtection, Tracking and Recovery of HumAn Meshes10 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond Thermal Imaging: Inferring Thermophysical Properties from Time-Resolved Thermal Observations8 Jul 2026
- 2026LUNA: Learning Universal 3D Human Animation Beyond Skinning30 Jun 2026
- 2026Again-Pose: Anchor-Guided Adaptive Inter-Frame Motion Cues Propagating for High-quality Human Pose Reconstruction28 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene and Human in One World: Reconstruction in a Feedforward Pass26 Jun 2026
- 2026PressMimic: Pressure-Guided Motion Capture and Control for Humanoid Robot Imitation25 Jun 2026
- 2026A Latent ODE Approach to Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cine Cardiac MRI25 Jun 2026
- 2026TaskNPoint: How to Teach Your Humanoid to Hit a Backhand in Minutes24 Jun 2026
12 newest of 304 All 304 (JSON)