mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motion

arXiv 2312.07531 ↗First posted 12 Dec 2023cs.CVcited by 200

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Abstract (arXiv)

The estimation of 3D human motion from video has progressed rapidly but current methods still have several key limitations. First, most methods estimate the human in camera coordinates. Second, prior work on estimating humans in global coordinates often assumes a flat ground plane and produces foot sliding. Third, the most accurate methods rely on computationally expensive optimization pipelines, limiting their use to offline applications. Finally, existing video-based methods are surprisingly less accurate than single-frame methods. We address these limitations with WHAM (World-grounded Humans with Accurate Motion), which accurately and efficiently reconstructs 3D human motion in a global coordinate system from video. WHAM learns to lift 2D keypoint sequences to 3D using motion capture data and fuses this with video features, integrating motion context and visual information. WHAM exploits camera angular velocity estimated from a SLAM method together with human motion to estimate the body's global trajectory. We combine this with a contact-aware trajectory refinement method that lets WHAM capture human motion in diverse conditions, such as climbing stairs. WHAM outperforms all existing 3D human motion recovery methods across multiple in-the-wild benchmarks. Code will be available for research purposes at http://wham.is.tue.mpg.de/

Key facts. Cited by 200 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Dec 2023.

Builds on

49 of 60 references.

References · 49

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
  3. 2019AMASS: Archive of Motion Capture as Surface Shapescited by 1,208
  4. 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,161
  5. 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 883
  6. 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 692
  7. 2021DROID-SLAM: Deep Visual SLAM for Monocular, Stereo, and RGB-D Camerascited by 673
  8. 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 625
  9. 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 615
  10. 2016Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation In The Wild Using Improved CNN Supervisioncited by 493
  11. 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 450
  12. 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 344
37 more
  1. 2021PARE: Part Attention Regressor for 3D Human Body Estimationcited by 334
  2. 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
  3. 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 315
  4. 2020HybrIK: A Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics Solution for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 304
  5. 2020I2L-MeshNet: Image-to-Lixel Prediction Network for Accurate 3D Human Pose and Mesh Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 274
  6. 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
  7. 2020Pose2Mesh: Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose and Mesh Recovery from a 2D Human Posecited by 248
  8. 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 237
  9. 2023BEDLAM: A Synthetic Dataset of Bodies Exhibiting Detailed Lifelike Animated Motioncited by 229
  10. 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
  11. 2020STAR: Sparse Trained Articulated Human Body Regressorcited by 194
  12. 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 188
  13. 2022Deep Patch Visual Odometrycited by 186
  14. 2022Capturing and Inferring Dense Full-Body Human-Scene Contactcited by 176
  15. 2019Distribution-Aware Coordinate Representation for Human Pose Estimationcited by 165
  16. 2020Beyond Static Features for Temporally Consistent 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Videocited by 162
  17. 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
  18. 2022PyMAF-X: Towards Well-aligned Full-body Model Regression from Monocular Imagescited by 152
  19. 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 151
  20. 2022Physical Inertial Poser (PIP): Physics-aware Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensorscited by 144
  21. 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
  22. 2021SPEC: Seeing People in the Wild with an Estimated Cameracited by 134
  23. 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 128
  24. 20203D Human Motion Estimation via Motion Compression and Refinementcited by 98
  25. 2023EMDB: The Electromagnetic Database of Global 3D Human Pose and Shape in the Wildcited by 95
  26. 2023TRACE: 5D Temporal Regression of Avatars with Dynamic Cameras in 3D Environmentscited by 89
  27. 2020NeuralAnnot: Neural Annotator for 3D Human Mesh Training Setscited by 62
  28. 2021Encoder-decoder with Multi-level Attention for 3D Human Shape and Pose Estimationcited by 62
  29. 2022Capturing Humans in Motion: Temporal-Attentive 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 59
  30. 2023ReFit: Recurrent Fitting Network for 3D Human Recoverycited by 47
  31. 2023Global-to-Local Modeling for Video-based 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 46
  32. 2023NIKI: Neural Inverse Kinematics with Invertible Neural Networks for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 45
  33. 20233D Human Mesh Estimation from Virtual Markerscited by 44
  34. 20204D Human Body Capture from Egocentric Video via 3D Scene Groundingcited by 43
  35. 2023Three Recipes for Better 3D Pseudo-GTs of 3D Human Mesh Estimation in the Wildcited by 9
  36. 2022SmartMocap: Joint Estimation of Human and Camera Motion using Uncalibrated RGB Camerascited by 8
  37. 2023GloPro: Globally-Consistent Uncertainty-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation & Tracking in the Wildcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 41; 2025: 78; 2026: 80.

200 papers.

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  1. 2024HumanPlus: Humanoid Shadowing and Imitation from Humanscited by 164
  2. 2024World-Grounded Human Motion Recovery via Gravity-View Coordinatescited by 127
  3. 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
  4. 2024TRAM: Global Trajectory and Motion of 3D Humans from in-the-wild Videoscited by 105
  5. 2025TWIST: Teleoperated Whole-Body Imitation Systemcited by 86
  6. 2025Geometry Forcing: Marrying Video Diffusion and 3D Representation for Consistent World Modelingcited by 86
  7. 2025PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recoverycited by 70
  8. 2024Deep Patch Visual SLAMcited by 68
  9. 2024CameraHMR: Aligning People with Perspectivecited by 64
  10. 2025HaWoR: World-Space Hand Motion Reconstruction from Egocentric Videoscited by 62
  11. 2026SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 61
  12. 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 57
38 more
  1. 2025Visual Imitation Enables Contextual Humanoid Controlcited by 57
  2. 2024Dyn-HaMR: Recovering 4D Interacting Hand Motion from a Dynamic Cameracited by 50
  3. 2025GENMO: A GENeralist Model for Human MOtioncited by 43
  4. 2025Human3R: Everyone Everywhere All at Oncecited by 35
  5. 2024Harmony4D: A Video Dataset for In-The-Wild Close Human Interactionscited by 31
  6. 2024Reconstructing People, Places, and Camerascited by 31
  7. 2024WHAC: World-grounded Humans and Camerascited by 29
  8. 2025Joint Optimization for 4D Human-Scene Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 29
  9. 2024PhysPT: Physics-aware Pretrained Transformer for Estimating Human Dynamics from Monocular Videoscited by 27
  10. 2024ZeroHSI: Zero-Shot 4D Human-Scene Interaction by Video Generationcited by 25
  11. 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
  12. 2025HuB: Learning Extreme Humanoid Balancecited by 21
  13. 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motioncited by 21
  14. 2024Scaling Large Motion Models with Million-Level Human Motionscited by 20
  15. 2024AniMer: Animal Pose and Shape Estimation Using Family Aware Transformercited by 20
  16. 2025Predicting 4D Hand Trajectory from Monocular Videoscited by 19
  17. 2026MultiWorld: Scalable Multi-Agent Multi-View Video World Modelscited by 19
  18. 2024COIN: Control-Inpainting Diffusion Prior for Human and Camera Motion Estimationcited by 15
  19. 2024MotionBank: A Large-scale Video Motion Benchmark with Disentangled Rule-based Annotationscited by 14
  20. 2025CoMotion: Concurrent Multi-person 3D Motioncited by 13
  21. 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 13
  22. 2025PhySIC: Physically Plausible 3D Human-Scene Interaction and Contact from a Single Imagecited by 13
  23. 2024ChatHuman: Chatting about 3D Humans with Toolscited by 11
  24. 2024Lifting Motion to the 3D World via 2D Diffusioncited by 11
  25. 2025RealisMotion: Decomposed Human Motion Control and Video Generation in the World Spacecited by 10
  26. 2025Human Mesh Modeling for Anny Bodycited by 10
  27. 2024DreamCinema: Cinematic Transfer with Free Camera and 3D Charactercited by 9
  28. 2024EgoHDM: An Online Egocentric-Inertial Human Motion Capture, Localization, and Dense Mapping Systemcited by 9
  29. 2024Motion-2-To-3: Leveraging 2D Motion Data for 3D Motion Generationscited by 9
  30. 2025Being-M0.5: A Real-Time Controllable Vision-Language-Motion Modelcited by 9
  31. 2024FIction: 4D Future Interaction Prediction from Videocited by 8
  32. 2025ODHSR: Online Dense 3D Reconstruction of Humans and Scenes from Monocular Videoscited by 8
  33. 2025MoCapAnything: Unified 3D Motion Capture for Arbitrary Skeletons from Monocular Videoscited by 8
  34. 2024RoDyGS: Robust Dynamic Gaussian Splatting for Casual Videoscited by 7
  35. 2025GAITGen: Disentangled Motion-Pathology Impaired Gait Generative Model -- Bringing Motion Generation to the Clinical Domaincited by 7
  36. 2025RadarLLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Understand Human Motion from Millimeter-Wave Point Cloud Sequencecited by 7
  37. 2025AniMer+: Unified Pose and Shape Estimation Across Mammalia and Aves via Family-Aware Transformercited by 7
  38. 2025Perceiving and Acting in First-Person: A Dataset and Benchmark for Egocentric Human-Object-Human Interactionscited by 7

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