Pose2Seg: Detection Free Human Instance Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
The standard approach to image instance segmentation is to perform the object detection first, and then segment the object from the detection bounding-box. More recently, deep learning methods like Mask R-CNN perform them jointly. However, little research takes into account the uniqueness of the "human" category, which can be well defined by the pose skeleton. Moreover, the human pose skeleton can be used to better distinguish instances with heavy occlusion than using bounding-boxes. In this paper, we present a brand new pose-based instance segmentation framework for humans which separates instances based on human pose, rather than proposal region detection. We demonstrate that our pose-based framework can achieve better accuracy than the state-of-art detection-based approach on the human instance segmentation problem, and can moreover better handle occlusion. Furthermore, there are few public datasets containing many heavily occluded humans along with comprehensive annotations, which makes this a challenging problem seldom noticed by researchers. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a new benchmark "Occluded Human (OCHuman)", which focuses on occluded humans with comprehensive annotations including bounding-box, human pose and instance masks. This dataset contains 8110 detailed annotated human instances within 4731 images. With an average 0.67 MaxIoU for each person, OCHuman is the most complex and challenging dataset related to human instance segmentation. Through this dataset, we want to emphasize occlusion as a challenging problem for researchers to study.
Key facts. Cited by 107 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 17; 2023: 22; 2024: 25; 2025: 17; 2026: 12.
107 papers.
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- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 450
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2021AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysiscited by 203
- 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
- 2021Putting People in their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depthcited by 141
- 2021AP-10K: A Benchmark for Animal Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 123
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2025Detect Anything via Next Point Predictioncited by 66
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2023UniHCP: A Unified Model for Human-Centric Perceptionscited by 59
38 more
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2022APT-36K: A Large-scale Benchmark for Animal Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 55
- 2022Occluded Human Mesh Recoverycited by 52
- 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
- 2021When Human Pose Estimation Meets Robustness: Adversarial Algorithms and Benchmarkscited by 41
- 2022Pose for Everything: Towards Category-Agnostic Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2021Differentiable Multi-Granularity Human Representation Learning for Instance-Aware Human Semantic Parsingcited by 31
- 2021Hand Image Understanding via Deep Multi-Task Learningcited by 31
- 2024Harmony4D: A Video Dataset for In-The-Wild Close Human Interactionscited by 31
- 2025SMPLest-X: Ultimate Scaling for Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 31
- 2021Multi-Instance Pose Networks: Rethinking Top-Down Pose Estimationcited by 30
- 2022Benchmarking and Analyzing 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation Beyond Algorithmscited by 28
- 2023Human Pose Estimation in Extremely Low-Light Conditionscited by 27
- 2024HumanRefiner: Benchmarking Abnormal Human Generation and Refining with Coarse-to-fine Pose-Reversible Guidancecited by 24
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 20
- 2024DPMesh: Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Occluded Human Mesh Recoverycited by 16
- 2022PSP-HDRI+: A Synthetic Dataset Generator for Pre-Training of Human-Centric Computer Vision Modelscited by 15
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movementscited by 15
- 2021Learning Local-Global Contextual Adaptation for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 14
- 2025AthletePose3D: A Benchmark Dataset for 3D Human Pose Estimation and Kinematic Validation in Athletic Movementscited by 14
- 2023Rethinking pose estimation in crowds: overcoming the detection information-bottleneck and ambiguitycited by 13
- 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 13
- 2021iShape: A First Step Towards Irregular Shape Instance Segmentationcited by 12
- 2023JOTR: 3D Joint Contrastive Learning with Transformers for Occluded Human Mesh Recoverycited by 12
- 2023Neural Interactive Keypoint Detectioncited by 12
- 2024Detecting Human Artifacts from Text-to-Image Modelscited by 12
- 2025Vision-Language Model for Object Detection and Segmentation: A Review and Evaluationcited by 10
- 2023You Only Learn One Query: Learning Unified Human Query for Single-Stage Multi-Person Multi-Task Human-Centric Perceptioncited by 9
- 2024ProbPose: A Probabilistic Approach to 2D Human Pose Estimationcited by 9
- 2023APTv2: Benchmarking Animal Pose Estimation and Tracking with a Large-scale Dataset and Beyondcited by 8
- 2021Unsupervised domain adaptation for clinician pose estimation and instance segmentation in the operating roomcited by 7
- 2023Learning Dense UV Completion for Human Mesh Recoverycited by 7
- 2024Foul prediction with estimated poses from soccer broadcast videocited by 7
- 2024Domain-Adaptive 2D Human Pose Estimation via Dual Teachers in Extremely Low-Light Conditionscited by 7
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Predictioncited by 7
- 2022I^2R-Net: Intra- and Inter-Human Relation Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2025CHROME: Clothed Human Reconstruction with Occlusion-Resilience and Multiview-Consistency from a Single Imagecited by 6
- 2022Occlusion-Aware Instance Segmentation via BiLayer Network Architecturescited by 5
50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)
- 2026Hard Vision, Easy Vision: What GPT-6 Astra Reveals Across Computer Vision28 Sep 2026
- 2026SAFER-Activities: A Dataset for Smart Assessment of Fall Events and Routine Activities7 Sep 2026
- 2026Topology-Unified 2D Pose Estimation across Intact, Residual and Prosthetic Limbs13 Aug 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026TrioPose: Native Triple-Stream Diffusion Transformers for Pose-Guided Text-to-Image Generation5 Jun 2026
- 2026UDAPose: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Low-Light Human Pose Estimation12 Apr 2026
- 2026ER-Pose: Rethinking Keypoint-Driven Representation Learning for Real-Time Human Pose Estimation9 Mar 2026
- 2026LeafInst - Unified Instance Segmentation Network for Fine-Grained Forestry Leaf Phenotype Analysis: A New UAV based Benchmark4 Mar 2026
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2026BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D21 Jan 2026
- 2026SAM-pose2seg: Pose-Guided Human Instance Segmentation in Crowds13 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025Avatar4D: Synthesizing Domain-Specific 4D Humans for Real-World Pose Estimation18 Dec 2025
- 2025Improving Classification of Occluded Objects through Scene Context30 Oct 2025
- 2025Detect Anything via Next Point Prediction14 Oct 2025
- 2025InstructVTON: Optimal Auto-Masking and Natural-Language-Guided Interactive Style Control for Inpainting-Based Virtual Try-On24 Sep 2025
- 2025Parse Graph-Based Visual-Language Interaction for Human Pose Estimation9 Sep 2025
- 2025DETRPose: Real-Time End-to-End Multi-Person Pose Estimation via Modified Transformer Decoder and Novel Denoising Keypoints16 Jun 2025
- 2025PoseBH: Prototypical Multi-Dataset Training Beyond Human Pose Estimation23 May 2025
- 2025Keypoints as Dynamic Centroids for Unified Human Pose and Segmentation17 May 2025
- 2025VISUALCENT: Visual Human Analysis using Dynamic Centroid Representation26 Apr 2025
- 2025Vision-Language Model for Object Detection and Segmentation: A Review and Evaluation13 Apr 2025
- 2025TrackID3x3: A Dataset and Algorithm for Multi-Player Tracking with Identification and Pose Estimation in 3x3 Basketball Full-court Videos24 Mar 2025
- 2025CHROME: Clothed Human Reconstruction with Occlusion-Resilience and Multiview-Consistency from a Single Image19 Mar 2025
- 2025AthletePose3D: A Benchmark Dataset for 3D Human Pose Estimation and Kinematic Validation in Athletic Movements10 Mar 2025
- 2025Transformers with Joint Tokens and Local-Global Attention for Efficient Human Pose Estimation28 Feb 2025
- 2025BlanketGen2-Fit3D: Synthetic Blanket Augmentation Towards Improving Real-World In-Bed Blanket Occluded Human Pose Estimation21 Jan 2025
- 2025SMPLest-X: Ultimate Scaling for Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimation16 Jan 2025
- 2025Human Pose-Constrained UV Map Estimation15 Jan 2025
- 2024ProbPose: A Probabilistic Approach to 2D Human Pose Estimation3 Dec 2024
- 2024Detection, Pose Estimation and Segmentation for Multiple Bodies: Closing the Virtuous Circle2 Dec 2024
- 2024Detecting Human Artifacts from Text-to-Image Models21 Nov 2024
- 2024Harmony4D: A Video Dataset for In-The-Wild Close Human Interactions27 Oct 2024
- 2024Occluded Human Pose Estimation based on Limb Joint Augmentation13 Oct 2024
- 2024GatedUniPose: A Novel Approach for Pose Estimation Combining UniRepLKNet and Gated Convolution12 Sep 2024
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Models22 Aug 2024
- 2024FAKER: Full-body Anonymization with Human Keypoint Extraction for Real-time Video Deidentification6 Aug 2024
- 2024Domain-Adaptive 2D Human Pose Estimation via Dual Teachers in Extremely Low-Light Conditions22 Jul 2024
- 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenes16 Jul 2024
- 2024HumanRefiner: Benchmarking Abnormal Human Generation and Refining with Coarse-to-fine Pose-Reversible Guidance9 Jul 2024
- 2024PoseBench: Benchmarking the Robustness of Pose Estimation Models under Corruptions20 Jun 2024
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movements20 May 2024
- 2024Focus on Low-Resolution Information: Multi-Granular Information-Lossless Model for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation19 May 2024
- 2024Sports Analysis and VR Viewing System Based on Player Tracking and Pose Estimation with Multimodal and Multiview Sensors2 May 2024
- 2024DHRNet: A Dual-Path Hierarchical Relation Network for Multi-Person Pose Estimation22 Apr 2024
- 2024Gait Recognition from Highly Compressed Videos18 Apr 2024
- 2024CarcassFormer: An End-to-end Transformer-based Framework for Simultaneous Localization, Segmentation and Classification of Poultry Carcass Defect17 Apr 2024
- 2024DPMesh: Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Occluded Human Mesh Recovery1 Apr 2024
- 2024IVLMap: Instance-Aware Visual Language Grounding for Consumer Robot Navigation28 Mar 2024
50 newest of 107 All 107 (JSON)
- 2024HumanRefiner: Benchmarking Abnormal Human Generation and Refining with Coarse-to-fine Pose-Reversible Guidancecited by 24
- 2024DPMesh: Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Occluded Human Mesh Recoverycited by 16
- 2026TrioPose: Native Triple-Stream Diffusion Transformers for Pose-Guided Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
- 2026TrioPose: Native Triple-Stream Diffusion Transformers for Pose-Guided Text-to-Image Generation5 Jun 2026
- 2024HumanRefiner: Benchmarking Abnormal Human Generation and Refining with Coarse-to-fine Pose-Reversible Guidance9 Jul 2024
- 2024DPMesh: Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Occluded Human Mesh Recovery1 Apr 2024
- 2022ViTPose: Simple Vision Transformer Baselines for Human Pose Estimationcited by 450
- 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
- 2021AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysiscited by 203
- 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
- 2021Putting People in their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depthcited by 141
- 2021AP-10K: A Benchmark for Animal Pose Estimation in the Wildcited by 123
- 2022Recovering 3D Human Mesh from Monocular Images: A Surveycited by 103
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2025Detect Anything via Next Point Predictioncited by 66
- 2022ViTPose++: Vision Transformer for Generic Body Pose Estimationcited by 65
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2023UniHCP: A Unified Model for Human-Centric Perceptionscited by 59
12 most cited of 103 All 103 (JSON)
- 2026Hard Vision, Easy Vision: What GPT-6 Astra Reveals Across Computer Vision28 Sep 2026
- 2026SAFER-Activities: A Dataset for Smart Assessment of Fall Events and Routine Activities7 Sep 2026
- 2026Topology-Unified 2D Pose Estimation across Intact, Residual and Prosthetic Limbs13 Aug 2026
- 2026Human4K: A Large-Scale 4K Multi-View Mocap Dataset for Whole-Body 3D Human Reconstruction15 Jul 2026
- 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026UDAPose: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Low-Light Human Pose Estimation12 Apr 2026
- 2026ER-Pose: Rethinking Keypoint-Driven Representation Learning for Real-Time Human Pose Estimation9 Mar 2026
- 2026LeafInst - Unified Instance Segmentation Network for Fine-Grained Forestry Leaf Phenotype Analysis: A New UAV based Benchmark4 Mar 2026
- 2026From Frames to Sequences: Temporally Consistent Human-Centric Dense Prediction2 Feb 2026
- 2026BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D21 Jan 2026
- 2026SAM-pose2seg: Pose-Guided Human Instance Segmentation in Crowds13 Jan 2026
- 2025Avatar4D: Synthesizing Domain-Specific 4D Humans for Real-World Pose Estimation18 Dec 2025
12 newest of 103 All 103 (JSON)