SAM 3D Body: Robust Full-Body Human Mesh Recovery
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce SAM 3D Body (3DB), a promptable model for single-image full-body 3D human mesh recovery (HMR) that demonstrates state-of-the-art performance, with strong generalization and consistent accuracy in diverse in-the-wild conditions. 3DB estimates the human pose of the body, feet, and hands. It is the first model to use a new parametric mesh representation, Momentum Human Rig (MHR), which decouples skeletal structure and surface shape. 3DB employs an encoder-decoder architecture and supports auxiliary prompts, including 2D keypoints and masks, enabling user-guided inference similar to the SAM family of models. We derive high-quality annotations from a multi-stage annotation pipeline that uses various combinations of manual keypoint annotation, differentiable optimization, multi-view geometry, and dense keypoint detection. Our data engine efficiently selects and processes data to ensure data diversity, collecting unusual poses and rare imaging conditions. We present a new evaluation dataset organized by pose and appearance categories, enabling nuanced analysis of model behavior. Our experiments demonstrate superior generalization and substantial improvements over prior methods in both qualitative user preference studies and traditional quantitative analysis. Both 3DB and MHR are open-source.
Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2026.
Builds on
44 of 58 references.
References · 44
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
- 2024SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videoscited by 2,784
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
- 2025DINOv3cited by 1,297
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 883
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 625
- 2023Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectivescited by 477
- 2020End-to-End Human Pose and Mesh Reconstruction with Transformerscited by 417
- 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
- 2023Humans in 4D: Reconstructing and Tracking Humans with Transformerscited by 344
- 2021DexYCB: A Benchmark for Capturing Hand Grasping of Objectscited by 320
32 more
- 2020HybrIK: A Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics Solution for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 304
- 2023Reconstructing Hands in 3D with Transformerscited by 298
- 2019FreiHAND: A Dataset for Markerless Capture of Hand Pose and Shape from Single RGB Imagescited by 271
- 2025MoGe-2: Accurate Monocular Geometry with Metric Scale and Sharp Detailscited by 250
- 2020InterHand2.6M: A Dataset and Baseline for 3D Interacting Hand Pose Estimation from a Single RGB Imagecited by 244
- 2022CLIFF: Carrying Location Information in Full Frames into Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 237
- 2023WHAM: Reconstructing World-grounded Humans with Accurate 3D Motioncited by 200
- 2016Panoptic Studio: A Massively Multiview System for Social Interaction Capturecited by 173
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
- 2021Reviving Iterative Training with Mask Guidance for Interactive Segmentationcited by 162
- 2020Monocular Expressive Body Regression through Body-Driven Attentioncited by 155
- 2023SMPLer-X: Scaling Up Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 154
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 128
- 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
- 2024TRAM: Global Trajectory and Motion of 3D Humans from in-the-wild Videoscited by 105
- 2024Multi-HMR: Multi-Person Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery in a Single Shotcited by 98
- 2024TokenHMR: Advancing Human Mesh Recovery with a Tokenized Pose Representationcited by 93
- 2023Hi4D: 4D Instance Segmentation of Close Human Interactioncited by 87
- 2025PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recoverycited by 70
- 2024CameraHMR: Aligning People with Perspectivecited by 64
- 2023EgoHumans: An Egocentric 3D Multi-Human Benchmarkcited by 58
- 2024Neural Localizer Fields for Continuous 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 57
- 2025GENMO: A GENeralist Model for Human MOtioncited by 43
- 2020Inference Stage Optimization for Cross-scenario 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 35
- 2023A Dataset of Relighted 3D Interacting Handscited by 35
- 2022Learning to Imitate Object Interactions from Internet Videoscited by 32
- 2024Harmony4D: A Video Dataset for In-The-Wild Close Human Interactionscited by 31
- 2025SMPLest-X: Ultimate Scaling for Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 31
- 2024Look Ma, no markers: holistic performance capture without the hasslecited by 23
- 2023Neural Interactive Keypoint Detectioncited by 12
- 2025ATLAS: Decoupling Skeletal and Shape Parameters for Expressive Parametric Human Modelingcited by 12
- 2024MaskHand: Generative Masked Modeling for Robust Hand Mesh Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 61.
61 papers.
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- 2026SCAIL-2: Unifying Controlled Character Animation with End-to-End In-Context Conditioningcited by 7
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- 2026SOMA: Unifying Parametric Human Body Modelscited by 6
- 2026One Sentence, One Drama: Personalized Short-Form Drama Generation via Multi-Agent Systemscited by 6
- 2026Monocular Biomechanical Tracking of Fingers with Inverse Kinematics to Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2026Fast SAM 3D Body: Accelerating SAM 3D Body for Real-Time Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
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- 2026CoInteract: Physically-Consistent Human-Object Interaction Video Synthesis via Spatially-Structured Co-Generationcited by 2
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- 2026Markerless Motion Capture for Biomechanical Whole-Body Kinematic Estimation in Infantscited by 1
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptationcited by 1
- 2026Go-with-the-Track: Video Compositing and Motion Control with Point Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Scene and Human in One World: Reconstruction in a Feedforward Passcited by 1
- 2026MHRGait: Gait Recognition from Momentum Human Rig Posecited by 1
- 20264DAnyone: Create Anyone in 4D from a Casual Monocular Videocited by 1
- 2026Biomechanical 3D Body: Self-Supervised Distillation of Biomechanical Pose from a 3D Body Foundation Modelcited by 1
- 2026Puppeteer: Object-Grounded Posture-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generationcited by 1
- 2026Towards Automated Initial Probe Placement in Transthoracic Teleultrasound Using Human Mesh and Skeleton Recoverycited by 0
- 2026Patient4D: Temporally Consistent Patient Body Mesh Recovery from Monocular Operating Room Videocited by 0
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- 2026DanceCrafter: Fine-Grained Text-Driven Controllable Dance Generation via Choreographic Syntaxcited by 0
- 2026LEXIS: LatEnt ProXimal Interaction Signatures for 3D HOI from an Imagecited by 0
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- 2026Real2Sim in HOI: Toward Physically Plausible HOI Reconstruction from Monocular Videoscited by 0
- 2026H-Flow: Self-supervised Human Scene Flow via Physics-inspired Joint Multi-modal Learningcited by 0
- 2026Mesh-Aware Epipolar Matching for Multi-View Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation in Basketballcited by 0
- 2026SMART: SMPLest-X Mesh Adaptation and RAFT Tracking for Soccer Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2026A Cookbook of 3D Vision: Data, Learning Paradigms, and Applicationcited by 0
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- 2026DisPOSE: Projected Polystochastic Diffusion for Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 0
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- 2026LUNA: Learning Universal 3D Human Animation Beyond Skinningcited by 0
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movementscited by 0
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- 2026Direct Clinical Joint Angle Extraction from Parametric Body Model Rotation Matricescited by 0
- 2026mmSimPrior: Learning Simulation Priors for Data-Efficient and Generalizable Real-World Radar-based Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026Markerless Motion Capture in Routine Clinical Upper Limb Assessments: Validity and Insights Beyond Ordinal Scoringcited by 0
- 2026GRAPE: Graduated Routing for Articulated Portrait mesh Estimationcited by 0
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Enginecited by 0
- 2026UniMoCa: Unifying Motion and Camera Controls as Visual Proxies for Faithful Human Video Generationcited by 0
50 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026PACT: End-to-End Learning of Human Pose, Contacts, and Forces from Video30 Sep 2026
- 2026Reliability-Gated Fusion of Consumer Head and Foot IMUs for Lower-Body 3D Pose28 Sep 2026
- 2026One Sensor, Whole Body - 3D Body Pose from a Single Consumer Earbud IMU28 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Full-Body Meshing from mmWave Radar via Mesh Foundation Model Supervision28 Sep 2026
- 2026Prosthesis-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Dataset and Benchmark for RSP Users16 Sep 2026
- 2026Field Converter: Geometry-Initialized Temporal Residual Refinement for World-Grounded Player Pose Estimation from Soccer Broadcasts9 Sep 2026
- 2026MuyBridge: Mobile Human Center-of-Mass Estimation from Monocular Video via Sparse Fusion2 Sep 2026
- 2026Cross-Model Distillation of a Human-Pose Foundation Model from Unannotated Infant Video for Markerless 3D Pose Estimation1 Sep 2026
- 2026Puppeteer: Object-Grounded Posture-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generation31 Aug 2026
- 2026Biomechanical 3D Body: Self-Supervised Distillation of Biomechanical Pose from a 3D Body Foundation Model30 Aug 2026
- 2026Everybody Tracking Every Body30 Aug 2026
- 2026GraspHOI: Full-Body 3D Human-Object Reconstruction with Finger-Level Grasps from a Single In-the-Wild Image28 Aug 2026
38 more
- 2026Reconstructing Humans and Objects in Interaction using Large Reconstruction Models27 Aug 2026
- 20264DAnyone: Create Anyone in 4D from a Casual Monocular Video20 Aug 2026
- 2026UniMoCa: Unifying Motion and Camera Controls as Visual Proxies for Faithful Human Video Generation3 Aug 2026
- 2026MHRGait: Gait Recognition from Momentum Human Rig Pose31 Jul 2026
- 2026ACE-Data-0: Human-Centric Ambient Capture as Embodied Data Engine30 Jul 2026
- 2026GRAPE: Graduated Routing for Articulated Portrait mesh Estimation26 Jul 2026
- 2026Markerless Motion Capture in Routine Clinical Upper Limb Assessments: Validity and Insights Beyond Ordinal Scoring26 Jul 2026
- 2026mmSimPrior: Learning Simulation Priors for Data-Efficient and Generalizable Real-World Radar-based Human Motion Reconstruction25 Jul 2026
- 2026Direct Clinical Joint Angle Extraction from Parametric Body Model Rotation Matrices20 Jul 2026
- 2026EgoHTR: Egocentric 4D Demonstrations of Human Terrain Traversal15 Jul 2026
- 2026Let RGB Be the Language of Vision14 Jul 2026
- 2026HumAIN: Human-Aware Implicit Social Robot Navigation8 Jul 2026
- 2026Biomechanics-aware Multi-view Markerless Motion Capture of Dexterous Hand Movements2 Jul 2026
- 2026LUNA: Learning Universal 3D Human Animation Beyond Skinning30 Jun 2026
- 2026Scene and Human in One World: Reconstruction in a Feedforward Pass26 Jun 2026
- 2026Go-with-the-Track: Video Compositing and Motion Control with Point Tracking18 Jun 2026
- 2026Multi-View In-Cabin Monitoring System for Public Transport Vehicles10 Jun 2026
- 2026SCAIL-2: Unifying Controlled Character Animation with End-to-End In-Context Conditioning9 Jun 2026
- 2026DisPOSE: Projected Polystochastic Diffusion for Self-Supervised Multi-View 3D Human Pose Estimation5 Jun 2026
- 2026From Pixels to Newtons: Predicting In Vivo Joint Contact Forces from Monocular Video4 Jun 2026
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perception4 Jun 2026
- 2026A Cookbook of 3D Vision: Data, Learning Paradigms, and Application2 Jun 2026
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptation1 Jun 2026
- 2026SMART: SMPLest-X Mesh Adaptation and RAFT Tracking for Soccer Pose Estimation29 May 2026
- 2026Mesh-Aware Epipolar Matching for Multi-View Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation in Basketball28 May 2026
- 2026H-Flow: Self-supervised Human Scene Flow via Physics-inspired Joint Multi-modal Learning21 May 2026
- 2026One Sentence, One Drama: Personalized Short-Form Drama Generation via Multi-Agent Systems21 May 2026
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Framework19 May 2026
- 2026Markerless Motion Capture for Biomechanical Whole-Body Kinematic Estimation in Infants16 May 2026
- 2026EgoExo-WM: Unlocking Exo Video for Ego World Models14 May 2026
- 2026Real2Sim in HOI: Toward Physically Plausible HOI Reconstruction from Monocular Videos14 May 2026
- 2026Monocular Biomechanical Tracking of Fingers with Inverse Kinematics to Foundation Models10 May 2026
- 2026SAMe: A Semantic Anatomy Mapping Engine for Robotic Ultrasound28 Apr 2026
- 2026LEXIS: LatEnt ProXimal Interaction Signatures for 3D HOI from an Image22 Apr 2026
- 2026CoInteract: Physically-Consistent Human-Object Interaction Video Synthesis via Spatially-Structured Co-Generation21 Apr 2026
- 2026DanceCrafter: Fine-Grained Text-Driven Controllable Dance Generation via Choreographic Syntax20 Apr 2026
- 2026Asset Harvester: Extracting 3D Assets from Autonomous Driving Logs for Simulation20 Apr 2026
- 2026Pi-HOC: Pairwise 3D Human-Object Contact Estimation14 Apr 2026
50 newest of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026EgoExo-WM: Unlocking Exo Video for Ego World Modelscited by 2
- 2026EgoExo-WM: Unlocking Exo Video for Ego World Models14 May 2026
- 2026SCAIL-2: Unifying Controlled Character Animation with End-to-End In-Context Conditioningcited by 7
- 2026DuoMo: Dual Motion Diffusion for World-Space Human Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2026SOMA: Unifying Parametric Human Body Modelscited by 6
- 2026Monocular Biomechanical Tracking of Fingers with Inverse Kinematics to Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2026Fast SAM 3D Body: Accelerating SAM 3D Body for Real-Time Full-Body Human Mesh Recoverycited by 4
- 2026ActiveMimic: Egocentric Video Pretraining with Active Perceptioncited by 4
- 2026DressWild: Feed-Forward Pose-Agnostic Garment Sewing Pattern Generation from In-the-Wild Imagescited by 1
- 2026Better Rigs, Not Bigger Networks: A Body Model Ablation for Gaussian Avatarscited by 1
- 2026TAIHRI: Task-Aware 3D Human Keypoints Localization for Close-Range Human-Robot Interactioncited by 1
- 2026Markerless Motion Capture for Biomechanical Whole-Body Kinematic Estimation in Infantscited by 1
- 2026SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026PRIMA: Boosting Animal Mesh Recovery with Biological Priors and Test-Time Adaptationcited by 1
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026PACT: End-to-End Learning of Human Pose, Contacts, and Forces from Video30 Sep 2026
- 2026Reliability-Gated Fusion of Consumer Head and Foot IMUs for Lower-Body 3D Pose28 Sep 2026
- 2026One Sensor, Whole Body - 3D Body Pose from a Single Consumer Earbud IMU28 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Full-Body Meshing from mmWave Radar via Mesh Foundation Model Supervision28 Sep 2026
- 2026Prosthesis-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Dataset and Benchmark for RSP Users16 Sep 2026
- 2026Field Converter: Geometry-Initialized Temporal Residual Refinement for World-Grounded Player Pose Estimation from Soccer Broadcasts9 Sep 2026
- 2026MuyBridge: Mobile Human Center-of-Mass Estimation from Monocular Video via Sparse Fusion2 Sep 2026
- 2026Cross-Model Distillation of a Human-Pose Foundation Model from Unannotated Infant Video for Markerless 3D Pose Estimation1 Sep 2026
- 2026Puppeteer: Object-Grounded Posture-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Generation31 Aug 2026
- 2026Biomechanical 3D Body: Self-Supervised Distillation of Biomechanical Pose from a 3D Body Foundation Model30 Aug 2026
- 2026Everybody Tracking Every Body30 Aug 2026
- 2026GraspHOI: Full-Body 3D Human-Object Reconstruction with Finger-Level Grasps from a Single In-the-Wild Image28 Aug 2026
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)