Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collections
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Abstract (arXiv)
Novel view synthesis from unconstrained in-the-wild images remains a meaningful but challenging task. The photometric variation and transient occluders in those unconstrained images make it difficult to reconstruct the original scene accurately. Previous approaches tackle the problem by introducing a global appearance feature in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF). However, in the real world, the unique appearance of each tiny point in a scene is determined by its independent intrinsic material attributes and the varying environmental impacts it receives. Inspired by this fact, we propose Gaussian in the wild (GS-W), a method that uses 3D Gaussian points to reconstruct the scene and introduces separated intrinsic and dynamic appearance feature for each point, capturing the unchanged scene appearance along with dynamic variation like illumination and weather. Additionally, an adaptive sampling strategy is presented to allow each Gaussian point to focus on the local and detailed information more effectively. We also reduce the impact of transient occluders using a 2D visibility map. More experiments have demonstrated better reconstruction quality and details of GS-W compared to NeRF-based methods, with a faster rendering speed. Video results and code are available at https://eastbeanzhang.github.io/GS-W/.
Key facts. Cited by 117 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2024.
Builds on
49 of 54 references.
References · 49
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37 more
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- 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
- 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,204
- 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
- 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
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- 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
- 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
- 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
- 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
- 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 614
- 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
- 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
- 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
- 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
- 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
- 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
- 2018Learning Category-Specific Mesh Reconstruction from Image Collectionscited by 317
- 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
- 2023SparseNeRF: Distilling Depth Ranking for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 247
- 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
- 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
- 2022VoxGRAF: Fast 3D-Aware Image Synthesis with Sparse Voxel Gridscited by 133
- 2021Hallucinated Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 130
- 2019Neural Rerendering in the Wildcited by 121
- 2021NeRF for Outdoor Scene Relightingcited by 114
- 20213D-aware Image Synthesis via Learning Structural and Textural Representationscited by 109
- 2019Pixel2Mesh++: Multi-View 3D Mesh Generation via Deformationcited by 103
- 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 73
- 2020Crowdsampling the Plenoptic Functioncited by 62
- 2023Cross-Ray Neural Radiance Fields for Novel-view Synthesis from Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 54
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- 2023Neural Scene Chronologycited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 25; 2025: 57; 2026: 35.
117 papers.
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- 2024WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 150
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024SpotlessSplats: Ignoring Distractors in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 61
- 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
- 2025LangSplatV2: High-dimensional 3D Language Gaussian Splatting with 450+ FPScited by 40
- 2025DiST-4D: Disentangled Spatiotemporal Diffusion with Metric Depth for 4D Driving Scene Generationcited by 39
- 2024WE-GS: An In-the-wild Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 33
- 2025Vid2Sim: Realistic and Interactive Simulation from Video for Urban Navigationcited by 30
- 2024Splatfacto-W: A Nerfstudio Implementation of Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 28
- 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
- 2025Luminance-GS: Adapting 3D Gaussian Splatting to Challenging Lighting Conditions with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustmentcited by 27
- 2024Feat2GS: Probing Visual Foundation Models with Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
38 more
- 2025LODGE: Level-of-Detail Large-Scale Gaussian Splatting with Efficient Renderingcited by 25
- 2024NerfBaselines: Consistent and Reproducible Evaluation of Novel View Synthesis Methodscited by 24
- 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 24
- 2025GUAVA: Generalizable Upper Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 22
- 2024LumiGauss: Relightable Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 21
- 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagerycited by 20
- 2024DeRainGS: Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Reconstruction in Rainy Environmentscited by 19
- 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstructioncited by 19
- 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Viewscited by 17
- 2024LangSurf: Language-Embedded Surface Gaussians for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 17
- 2025MTGS: Multi-Traversal Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
- 2024HybridGS: Decoupling Transients and Statics with 2D and 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
- 2024DeSplat: Decomposed Gaussian Splatting for Distractor-Free Renderingcited by 15
- 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matchingcited by 15
- 2025Unifying Appearance Codes and Bilateral Grids for Driving Scene Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
- 2024T-3DGS: Removing Transient Objects for 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 13
- 2024Extrapolated Urban View Synthesis Benchmarkcited by 13
- 2024WeatherGS: 3D Scene Reconstruction in Adverse Weather Conditions via Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
- 2025GaRe: Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scenes from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 11
- 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Imagescited by 10
- 2025Evolving High-Quality Rendering and Reconstruction in a Unified Framework with Contribution-Adaptive Regularizationcited by 10
- 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGScited by 10
- 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Priorcited by 10
- 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
- 2024Distractor-free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
- 2025Seeing in the Dark: Benchmarking Egocentric 3D Vision with the Oxford Day-and-Night Datasetcited by 8
- 2025COS3D: Collaborative Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentationcited by 8
- 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesiscited by 8
- 2024KFC-W: Generating 3D-Consistent Videos from Unposed Internet Photoscited by 7
- 2024NexusSplats: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 7
- 2025Decoupling Appearance Variations with 3D Consistent Features in Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2025Seg-Wild: Interactive Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 7
- 2025Robust and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2026PPISP: Physically-Plausible Compensation and Control of Photometric Variations in Radiance Field Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2025ForestSplats: Deformable transient field for Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 6
- 2025X2-Gaussian: 4D Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Continuous-time Tomographic Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2025Robust Neural Rendering in the Wild with Asymmetric Dual 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
50 most cited of 117 All 117 (JSON)
- 2026EvenSplat: Coupled 2D-3D Decomposition for Gaussian Splatting under Exposure and Illumination Variation1 Oct 2026
- 2026WilLaGS: Latent-Conditional 3D Appearance Fields for Robust Gaussian Splatting In-the-Wild28 Aug 2026
- 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancement28 Aug 2026
- 2026360CityArena: A Realistic Virtual Urban Navigation Benchmark for Embodied Agents9 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Isolated Objects: Relationship-aware Open Vocabulary Scene Understanding via 3D Scene Graph Analysis6 Jul 2026
- 2026Rectifying Mask via Entropy for Distractor-Free 3DGS in Ambiguous Scenarios28 Jun 2026
- 2026MooMIns -- Monocular 3D Reconstruction and Object Pose Estimation from Multiple Instances12 Jun 2026
- 2026Wild3R: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Sparse Photo Collection10 Jun 2026
- 2026EPS3D: End-to-End Feed-Forward 3D Panoptic Segmentation8 Jun 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-driven 3D Gaussian Splatting Active Mapping via Anisotropic Visibility Field28 May 2026
- 2026Z-Order Transformer for Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting13 May 2026
- 2026HarmoGS: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild via Conflict-Aware Gradient Harmonization13 May 2026
38 more
- 2026Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Production Using Image-Based Illumination9 May 2026
- 2026Generalizable Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Images30 Apr 2026
- 2026Light 'em Up: Enabling Few-Shot Low-Light 3D Gaussian Splatting with Multi-Scale Explicit Retinex Illumination Decoupling27 Apr 2026
- 2026Spatiotemporal Degradation-Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Underwater Scene Reconstruction26 Apr 2026
- 2026WildSplatter: Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Appearance Control from Unconstrained Images23 Apr 2026
- 2026Gaussians on a Diet: High-Quality Memory-Bounded 3D Gaussian Splatting Training21 Apr 2026
- 2026DF3DV-1K: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Distractor-Free Novel View Synthesis15 Apr 2026
- 2026Realizing Immersive Volumetric Video: A Multimodal Framework for 6-DoF VR Engagement10 Apr 2026
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstruction7 Apr 2026
- 2026Confidence-Based Mesh Extraction from 3D Gaussians25 Mar 2026
- 2026FullCircle: Effortless 3D Reconstruction from Casual 360^circ Captures23 Mar 2026
- 2026GaussianPile: A Unified Sparse Gaussian Splatting Framework for Slice-based Volumetric Reconstruction21 Mar 2026
- 2026Thermal is Always Wild: Characterizing and Addressing Challenges in Thermal-Only Novel View Synthesis20 Mar 2026
- 20263DGS-HPC: Distractor-free 3D Gaussian Splatting with Hybrid Patch-wise Classification8 Mar 2026
- 2026R3GW: Relightable 3D Gaussians for Outdoor Scenes in the Wild3 Mar 2026
- 2026Sparse View Distractor-Free Gaussian Splatting2 Mar 2026
- 2026WildGHand: Learning Anti-Perturbation Gaussian Hand Avatars from Monocular In-the-Wild Videos24 Feb 2026
- 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesis20 Feb 2026
- 2026CompSplat: Compression-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-world Video10 Feb 2026
- 2026LightCity: An Urban Dataset for Outdoor Inverse Rendering and Reconstruction under Multi-illumination Conditions1 Feb 2026
- 2026PPISP: Physically-Plausible Compensation and Control of Photometric Variations in Radiance Field Reconstruction26 Jan 2026
- 2026WildRayZer: Self-supervised Large View Synthesis in Dynamic Environments15 Jan 2026
- 2026Geo-NVS-w: Geometry-Aware Novel View Synthesis In-the-Wild with an SDF Renderer13 Jan 2026
- 2025Improved 3D Gaussian Splatting of Unknown Spacecraft Structure Using Space Environment Illumination Knowledge30 Dec 2025
- 2025DriveExplorer: Images-Only Decoupled 4D Reconstruction with Progressive Restoration for Driving View Extrapolation30 Dec 2025
- 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstruction29 Dec 2025
- 2025WorldWarp: Propagating 3D Geometry with Asynchronous Video Diffusion22 Dec 2025
- 2025SplatBright: Generalizable Low-Light Scene Reconstruction from Sparse Views via Physically-Guided Gaussian Enhancement21 Dec 2025
- 2025Lang3D-XL: Language Embedded 3D Gaussians for Large-scale Scenes8 Dec 2025
- 2025UAVLight: A Benchmark for Illumination-Robust 3D Reconstruction in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Scenes26 Nov 2025
- 2025ChronoGS: Disentangling Invariants and Changes in Multi-Period Scenes24 Nov 2025
- 2025COS3D: Collaborative Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentation23 Oct 2025
- 2025From Volume Rendering to 3D Gaussian Splatting: Theory and Applications20 Oct 2025
- 2025RaindropGS: A Benchmark for 3D Gaussian Splatting under Raindrop Conditions20 Oct 2025
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagery17 Oct 2025
- 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Prior14 Oct 2025
- 2025From Restoration to Reconstruction: Rethinking 3D Gaussian Splatting for Underwater Scenes22 Sep 2025
- 2025MS-GS: Multi-Appearance Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild19 Sep 2025
50 newest of 117 All 117 (JSON)
- 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Priorcited by 10
- 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
- 2025WorldWarp: Propagating 3D Geometry with Asynchronous Video Diffusioncited by 6
- 2025SparseGS-W: Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild with Generative Priorscited by 3
- 2025DriveExplorer: Images-Only Decoupled 4D Reconstruction with Progressive Restoration for Driving View Extrapolationcited by 0
- 2025DriveExplorer: Images-Only Decoupled 4D Reconstruction with Progressive Restoration for Driving View Extrapolation30 Dec 2025
- 2025WorldWarp: Propagating 3D Geometry with Asynchronous Video Diffusion22 Dec 2025
- 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Prior14 Oct 2025
- 2025SparseGS-W: Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild with Generative Priors25 Mar 2025
- 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priors29 Jun 2024
- 2024WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 150
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
- 2024SpotlessSplats: Ignoring Distractors in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 61
- 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
- 2025LangSplatV2: High-dimensional 3D Language Gaussian Splatting with 450+ FPScited by 40
- 2025DiST-4D: Disentangled Spatiotemporal Diffusion with Metric Depth for 4D Driving Scene Generationcited by 39
- 2024WE-GS: An In-the-wild Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 33
- 2025Vid2Sim: Realistic and Interactive Simulation from Video for Urban Navigationcited by 30
- 2024Splatfacto-W: A Nerfstudio Implementation of Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 28
- 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
- 2025Luminance-GS: Adapting 3D Gaussian Splatting to Challenging Lighting Conditions with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustmentcited by 27
- 2024Feat2GS: Probing Visual Foundation Models with Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
12 most cited of 111 All 111 (JSON)
- 2026EvenSplat: Coupled 2D-3D Decomposition for Gaussian Splatting under Exposure and Illumination Variation1 Oct 2026
- 2026WilLaGS: Latent-Conditional 3D Appearance Fields for Robust Gaussian Splatting In-the-Wild28 Aug 2026
- 20263D-USE: From Image-Level to Scene-Level Underwater Enhancement28 Aug 2026
- 2026360CityArena: A Realistic Virtual Urban Navigation Benchmark for Embodied Agents9 Aug 2026
- 2026Rectifying Mask via Entropy for Distractor-Free 3DGS in Ambiguous Scenarios28 Jun 2026
- 2026MooMIns -- Monocular 3D Reconstruction and Object Pose Estimation from Multiple Instances12 Jun 2026
- 2026Wild3R: Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting from Unconstrained Sparse Photo Collection10 Jun 2026
- 2026EPS3D: End-to-End Feed-Forward 3D Panoptic Segmentation8 Jun 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-driven 3D Gaussian Splatting Active Mapping via Anisotropic Visibility Field28 May 2026
- 2026Z-Order Transformer for Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting13 May 2026
- 2026HarmoGS: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild via Conflict-Aware Gradient Harmonization13 May 2026
- 2026Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Production Using Image-Based Illumination9 May 2026
12 newest of 111 All 111 (JSON)