mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collections

arXiv 2403.15704 ↗First posted 23 Mar 2024cs.CVcited by 117

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Abstract (arXiv)

Novel view synthesis from unconstrained in-the-wild images remains a meaningful but challenging task. The photometric variation and transient occluders in those unconstrained images make it difficult to reconstruct the original scene accurately. Previous approaches tackle the problem by introducing a global appearance feature in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF). However, in the real world, the unique appearance of each tiny point in a scene is determined by its independent intrinsic material attributes and the varying environmental impacts it receives. Inspired by this fact, we propose Gaussian in the wild (GS-W), a method that uses 3D Gaussian points to reconstruct the scene and introduces separated intrinsic and dynamic appearance feature for each point, capturing the unchanged scene appearance along with dynamic variation like illumination and weather. Additionally, an adaptive sampling strategy is presented to allow each Gaussian point to focus on the local and detailed information more effectively. We also reduce the impact of transient occluders using a 2D visibility map. More experiments have demonstrated better reconstruction quality and details of GS-W compared to NeRF-based methods, with a faster rendering speed. Video results and code are available at https://eastbeanzhang.github.io/GS-W/.

Key facts. Cited by 117 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2024.

Builds on

49 of 54 references.

References · 49

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  6. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,141
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  12. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,013
37 more
  1. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
  2. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,607
  3. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,275
  4. 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,230
  5. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,204
  6. 20234D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Renderingcited by 1,144
  7. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 904
  8. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
  9. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 742
  10. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 732
  11. 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 720
  12. 2023Scaffold-GS: Structured 3D Gaussians for View-Adaptive Renderingcited by 684
  13. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 672
  14. 2023Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 661
  15. 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 614
  16. 2023HexPlane: A Fast Representation for Dynamic Scenescited by 582
  17. 2021Ref-NeRF: Structured View-Dependent Appearance for Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 569
  18. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 510
  19. 2017Neural 3D Mesh Renderercited by 437
  20. 2023LightGaussian: Unbounded 3D Gaussian Compression with 15x Reduction and 200+ FPScited by 420
  21. 2023LangSplat: 3D Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 410
  22. 2018Learning Category-Specific Mesh Reconstruction from Image Collectionscited by 317
  23. 2023FreeNeRF: Improving Few-shot Neural Rendering with Free Frequency Regularizationcited by 310
  24. 2023SparseNeRF: Distilling Depth Ranking for Few-shot Novel View Synthesiscited by 247
  25. 2022Tensor4D : Efficient Neural 4D Decomposition for High-fidelity Dynamic Reconstruction and Renderingcited by 217
  26. 2021NeRS: Neural Reflectance Surfaces for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction in the Wildcited by 136
  27. 2022VoxGRAF: Fast 3D-Aware Image Synthesis with Sparse Voxel Gridscited by 133
  28. 2021Hallucinated Neural Radiance Fields in the Wildcited by 130
  29. 2019Neural Rerendering in the Wildcited by 121
  30. 2021NeRF for Outdoor Scene Relightingcited by 114
  31. 20213D-aware Image Synthesis via Learning Structural and Textural Representationscited by 109
  32. 2019Pixel2Mesh++: Multi-View 3D Mesh Generation via Deformationcited by 103
  33. 2024Spec-Gaussian: Anisotropic View-Dependent Appearance for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 73
  34. 2020Crowdsampling the Plenoptic Functioncited by 62
  35. 2023Cross-Ray Neural Radiance Fields for Novel-view Synthesis from Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 54
  36. 2024SHINOBI: Shape and Illumination using Neural Object Decomposition via BRDF Optimization In-the-wildcited by 18
  37. 2023Neural Scene Chronologycited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 25; 2025: 57; 2026: 35.

117 papers.

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  1. 2024WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 150
  2. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 77
  3. 2024SpotlessSplats: Ignoring Distractors in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 61
  4. 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
  5. 2025LangSplatV2: High-dimensional 3D Language Gaussian Splatting with 450+ FPScited by 40
  6. 2025DiST-4D: Disentangled Spatiotemporal Diffusion with Metric Depth for 4D Driving Scene Generationcited by 39
  7. 2024WE-GS: An In-the-wild Efficient 3D Gaussian Representation for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 33
  8. 2025Vid2Sim: Realistic and Interactive Simulation from Video for Urban Navigationcited by 30
  9. 2024Splatfacto-W: A Nerfstudio Implementation of Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 28
  10. 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
  11. 2025Luminance-GS: Adapting 3D Gaussian Splatting to Challenging Lighting Conditions with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustmentcited by 27
  12. 2024Feat2GS: Probing Visual Foundation Models with Gaussian Splattingcited by 26
38 more
  1. 2025LODGE: Level-of-Detail Large-Scale Gaussian Splatting with Efficient Renderingcited by 25
  2. 2024NerfBaselines: Consistent and Reproducible Evaluation of Novel View Synthesis Methodscited by 24
  3. 2025HRAvatar: High-Quality and Relightable Gaussian Head Avatarcited by 24
  4. 2025GUAVA: Generalizable Upper Body 3D Gaussian Avatarcited by 22
  5. 2024LumiGauss: Relightable Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 21
  6. 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagerycited by 20
  7. 2024DeRainGS: Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Reconstruction in Rainy Environmentscited by 19
  8. 2025RealX3D: A Physically-Degraded 3D Benchmark for Multi-view Visual Restoration and Reconstructioncited by 19
  9. 2024SLGaussian: Fast Language Gaussian Splatting in Sparse Viewscited by 17
  10. 2024LangSurf: Language-Embedded Surface Gaussians for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 17
  11. 2025MTGS: Multi-Traversal Gaussian Splattingcited by 17
  12. 2024HybridGS: Decoupling Transients and Statics with 2D and 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
  13. 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
  14. 2024DeSplat: Decomposed Gaussian Splatting for Distractor-Free Renderingcited by 15
  15. 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matchingcited by 15
  16. 2025Unifying Appearance Codes and Bilateral Grids for Driving Scene Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
  17. 2024T-3DGS: Removing Transient Objects for 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 13
  18. 2024Extrapolated Urban View Synthesis Benchmarkcited by 13
  19. 2024WeatherGS: 3D Scene Reconstruction in Adverse Weather Conditions via Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
  20. 2025GaRe: Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scenes from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 11
  21. 2025Micro-macro Wavelet-based Gaussian Splatting for 3D Reconstruction from Unconstrained Imagescited by 10
  22. 2025Evolving High-Quality Rendering and Reconstruction in a Unified Framework with Contribution-Adaptive Regularizationcited by 10
  23. 2025RobustSplat: Decoupling Densification and Dynamics for Transient-Free 3DGScited by 10
  24. 2025G4Splat: Geometry-Guided Gaussian Splatting with Generative Priorcited by 10
  25. 2024OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priorscited by 8
  26. 2024Distractor-free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 8
  27. 2025Seeing in the Dark: Benchmarking Egocentric 3D Vision with the Oxford Day-and-Night Datasetcited by 8
  28. 2025COS3D: Collaborative Open-Vocabulary 3D Segmentationcited by 8
  29. 2026Unifying Color and Lightness Correction with View-Adaptive Curve Adjustment for Robust 3D Novel View Synthesiscited by 8
  30. 2024KFC-W: Generating 3D-Consistent Videos from Unposed Internet Photoscited by 7
  31. 2024NexusSplats: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 7
  32. 2025Decoupling Appearance Variations with 3D Consistent Features in Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
  33. 2025Seg-Wild: Interactive Segmentation based on 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 7
  34. 2025Robust and Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 7
  35. 2026PPISP: Physically-Plausible Compensation and Control of Photometric Variations in Radiance Field Reconstructioncited by 7
  36. 2025ForestSplats: Deformable transient field for Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 6
  37. 2025X2-Gaussian: 4D Radiative Gaussian Splatting for Continuous-time Tomographic Reconstructioncited by 6
  38. 2025Robust Neural Rendering in the Wild with Asymmetric Dual 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 6

50 most cited of 117 All 117 (JSON)