mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Direct2.5: Diverse Text-to-3D Generation via Multi-view 2.5D Diffusion

arXiv 2311.15980 ↗First posted 27 Nov 2023cs.CVcited by 50

On the map: Diffusion models → 3D, point cloud and scene generation

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in generative AI have unveiled significant potential for the creation of 3D content. However, current methods either apply a pre-trained 2D diffusion model with the time-consuming score distillation sampling (SDS), or a direct 3D diffusion model trained on limited 3D data losing generation diversity. In this work, we approach the problem by employing a multi-view 2.5D diffusion fine-tuned from a pre-trained 2D diffusion model. The multi-view 2.5D diffusion directly models the structural distribution of 3D data, while still maintaining the strong generalization ability of the original 2D diffusion model, filling the gap between 2D diffusion-based and direct 3D diffusion-based methods for 3D content generation. During inference, multi-view normal maps are generated using the 2.5D diffusion, and a novel differentiable rasterization scheme is introduced to fuse the almost consistent multi-view normal maps into a consistent 3D model. We further design a normal-conditioned multi-view image generation module for fast appearance generation given the 3D geometry. Our method is a one-pass diffusion process and does not require any SDS optimization as post-processing. We demonstrate through extensive experiments that, our direct 2.5D generation with the specially-designed fusion scheme can achieve diverse, mode-seeking-free, and high-fidelity 3D content generation in only 10 seconds. Project page: https://nju-3dv.github.io/projects/direct25.

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 38 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Nov 2023.

Builds on

38 of 52 references.

Closest ancestors · 18

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Wonder3D: Single Image to 3D using Cross-Domain Diffusion23 Oct
  2. 2023JointNet: Extending Text-to-Image Diffusion for Dense Distribution Modeling10 Oct
  3. 2023SyncDreamer: Generating Multiview-consistent Images from a Single-view Image7 Sep
  4. 2023MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation31 Aug
  5. 2023ProlificDreamer: High-Fidelity and Diverse Text-to-3D Generation with Variational Score Distillation25 May
  6. 2023Single-Stage Diffusion NeRF: A Unified Approach to 3D Generation and Reconstruction13 Apr
  7. 2023Consistent View Synthesis with Pose-Guided Diffusion Models30 Mar
  8. 2023Fantasia3D: Disentangling Geometry and Appearance for High-quality Text-to-3D Content Creation24 Mar
  9. 2023Text2Tex: Text-driven Texture Synthesis via Diffusion Models20 Mar
  10. 2023Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object20 Mar
  11. 20233DGen: Triplane Latent Diffusion for Textured Mesh Generation9 Mar
  12. 2022Point-E: A System for Generating 3D Point Clouds from Complex Prompts16 Dec
6 more
  1. 2022Score Jacobian Chaining: Lifting Pretrained 2D Diffusion Models for 3D Generation1 Dec
  2. 2022Magic3D: High-Resolution Text-to-3D Content Creation18 Nov
  3. 2022LION: Latent Point Diffusion Models for 3D Shape Generation12 Oct
  4. 2022DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion29 Sep
  5. 2022RePaint: Inpainting using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models24 Jan
  6. 2021Diffusion Probabilistic Models for 3D Point Cloud Generation2 Mar

Other references · 20

  1. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
  3. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,152
  4. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  5. 2016Improved Techniques for Training GANscited by 2,970
  6. 2015ShapeNet: An Information-Rich 3D Model Repositorycited by 2,897
  7. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
  8. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  9. 2022Objaverse: A Universe of Annotated 3D Objectscited by 1,540
  10. 2021Real-ESRGAN: Training Real-World Blind Super-Resolution with Pure Synthetic Datacited by 970
  11. 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
  12. 2023K-Planes: Explicit Radiance Fields in Space, Time, and Appearancecited by 746
8 more
  1. 20213D Shape Generation and Completion through Point-Voxel Diffusioncited by 516
  2. 2020Modular Primitives for High-Performance Differentiable Renderingcited by 441
  3. 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 417
  4. 2019Recurrent MVSNet for High-resolution Multi-view Stereo Depth Inferencecited by 254
  5. 2023MVDiffusion: Enabling Holistic Multi-view Image Generation with Correspondence-Aware Diffusioncited by 212
  6. 2023Scalable 3D Captioning with Pretrained Modelscited by 203
  7. 2023MeshDiffusion: Score-based Generative 3D Mesh Modelingcited by 199
  8. 2022NeuRIS: Neural Reconstruction of Indoor Scenes Using Normal Priorscited by 125

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 20; 2025: 25; 2026: 5.

50 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2024CRM: Single Image to 3D Textured Mesh with Convolutional Reconstruction Modelcited by 215
  2. 2024Direct3D: Scalable Image-to-3D Generation via 3D Latent Diffusion Transformercited by 210
  3. 2025Direct3D-S2: Gigascale 3D Generation Made Easy with Spatial Sparse Attentioncited by 110
  4. 2024STAG4D: Spatial-Temporal Anchored Generative 4D Gaussianscited by 102
  5. 2024Diffusion4D: Fast Spatial-temporal Consistent 4D Generation via Video Diffusion Modelscited by 100
  6. 2025Hi3DGen: High-fidelity 3D Geometry Generation from Images via Normal Bridgingcited by 99
  7. 2024V3D: Video Diffusion Models are Effective 3D Generatorscited by 89
  8. 2024Instant3dit: Multiview Inpainting for Fast Editing of 3D Objectscited by 44
  9. 2025Matrix3D: Large Photogrammetry Model All-in-Onecited by 40
  10. 2024Vidu4D: Single Generated Video to High-Fidelity 4D Reconstruction with Dynamic Gaussian Surfelscited by 38
  11. 2025MaterialMVP: Illumination-Invariant Material Generation via Multi-view PBR Diffusioncited by 28
  12. 2024Cavia: Camera-controllable Multi-view Video Diffusion with View-Integrated Attentioncited by 24
38 more
  1. 2024MVGamba: Unify 3D Content Generation as State Space Sequence Modelingcited by 23
  2. 2024MVD2: Efficient Multiview 3D Reconstruction for Multiview Diffusioncited by 22
  3. 2024BrightDreamer: Generic 3D Gaussian Generative Framework for Fast Text-to-3D Synthesiscited by 20
  4. 2025Simulating the Real World: A Unified Survey of Multimodal Generative Modelscited by 15
  5. 2024A Survey On Text-to-3D Contents Generation In The Wildcited by 14
  6. 2025Kiss3DGen: Repurposing Image Diffusion Models for 3D Asset Generationcited by 14
  7. 2025Edit360: 2D Image Edits to 3D Assets from Any Anglecited by 13
  8. 2024Diffusion Models in 3D Vision: A Surveycited by 11
  9. 2025Auto-Regressively Generating Multi-View Consistent Imagescited by 9
  10. 2025MVGBench: Comprehensive Benchmark for Multi-view Generation Modelscited by 9
  11. 2025Splat4D: Diffusion-Enhanced 4D Gaussian Splatting for Temporally and Spatially Consistent Content Creationcited by 9
  12. 2025Wonder3D++: Cross-domain Diffusion for High-fidelity 3D Generation from a Single Imagecited by 8
  13. 2024Text-guided Controllable Mesh Refinement for Interactive 3D Modelingcited by 7
  14. 2025Hyper3D: Efficient 3D Representation via Hybrid Triplane and Octree Feature for Enhanced 3D Shape Variational Auto-Encoderscited by 7
  15. 2024GECO: Generative Image-to-3D within a SECOndcited by 6
  16. 2025CHROME: Clothed Human Reconstruction with Occlusion-Resilience and Multiview-Consistency from a Single Imagecited by 6
  17. 2025DiMeR: Disentangled Mesh Reconstruction Modelcited by 6
  18. 2024StdGEN: Semantic-Decomposed 3D Character Generation from Single Imagescited by 5
  19. 2024Grid: Omni Visual Generationcited by 5
  20. 2025Video4DGen: Enhancing Video and 4D Generation through Mutual Optimizationcited by 5
  21. 2025Advancing high-fidelity 3D and Texture Generation with 2.5D latentscited by 5
  22. 2026Learn2Fold: Structured Origami Generation with World Model Planningcited by 5
  23. 2024MicroDreamer: Efficient 3D Generation in ~20 Seconds by Score-based Iterative Reconstructioncited by 4
  24. 2024Jointly Generating Multi-view Consistent PBR Textures using Collaborative Controlcited by 4
  25. 2025TEXTRIX: Latent Attribute Grid for Native Texture Generation and Beyondcited by 4
  26. 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 4
  27. 2025SuperCarver: Texture-Consistent 3D Geometry Super-Resolution for High-Fidelity Surface Detail Generationcited by 2
  28. 2025Large Material Gaussian Model for Relightable 3D Generationcited by 2
  29. 2025Track, Inpaint, Resplat: Subject-driven 3D and 4D Generation with Progressive Texture Infillingcited by 2
  30. 2024Freeplane: Unlocking Free Lunch in Triplane-Based Sparse-View Reconstruction Modelscited by 1
  31. 2025Joint Learning of Depth and Appearance for Portrait Image Animationcited by 1
  32. 2025SynthDrive: Scalable Real2Sim2Real Sensor Simulation Pipeline for High-Fidelity Asset Generation and Driving Data Synthesiscited by 1
  33. 2026StdGEN++: A Comprehensive System for Semantic-Decomposed 3D Character Generationcited by 1
  34. 2026Proc3D: Procedural 3D Generation and Parametric Editing of 3D Shapes with Large Language Modelscited by 1
  35. 2025CaPa: Carve-n-Paint Synthesis for Efficient 4K Textured Mesh Generationcited by 0
  36. 2025Single Image to High-Quality 3D Object via Latent Featurescited by 0
  37. 2026DecoRec: Decomposed 3D Scene Reconstruction from Single-View Images via Object-Level Diffusioncited by 0
  38. 2026Restore3D: Breathing Life into Broken Objects with Shape and Texture Restorationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024DIRECT-3D: Learning Direct Text-to-3D Generation on Massive Noisy 3D Data
  2. 2023IT3D: Improved Text-to-3D Generation with Explicit View Synthesis
  3. 2024BoostDream: Efficient Refining for High-Quality Text-to-3D Generation from Multi-View Diffusion
  4. 2023EfficientDreamer: High-Fidelity and Robust 3D Creation via Orthogonal-view Diffusion Prior
  5. 2024Bootstrap3D: Improving Multi-view Diffusion Model with Synthetic Data
  6. 2024Grounded Compositional and Diverse Text-to-3D with Pretrained Multi-View Diffusion Model
  7. 2024Diffusion2: Dynamic 3D Content Generation via Score Composition of Video and Multi-view Diffusion Models
  8. 2023DreamTime: An Improved Optimization Strategy for Diffusion-Guided 3D Generation