mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Depth-Regularized Optimization for 3D Gaussian Splatting in Few-Shot Images

arXiv 2311.13398 ↗First posted 22 Nov 2023cs.CV cs.GRcited by 173

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present a method to optimize Gaussian splatting with a limited number of images while avoiding overfitting. Representing a 3D scene by combining numerous Gaussian splats has yielded outstanding visual quality. However, it tends to overfit the training views when only a small number of images are available. To address this issue, we introduce a dense depth map as a geometry guide to mitigate overfitting. We obtained the depth map using a pre-trained monocular depth estimation model and aligning the scale and offset using sparse COLMAP feature points. The adjusted depth aids in the color-based optimization of 3D Gaussian splatting, mitigating floating artifacts, and ensuring adherence to geometric constraints. We verify the proposed method on the NeRF-LLFF dataset with varying numbers of few images. Our approach demonstrates robust geometry compared to the original method that relies solely on images. Project page: robot0321.github.io/DepthRegGS

Key facts. Cited by 173 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2023.

Builds on

43 of 59 references.

References · 43

  1. 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
  2. 2022Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encodingcited by 3,723
  3. 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
  4. 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,964
  5. 2021NeuS: Learning Neural Implicit Surfaces by Volume Rendering for Multi-view Reconstructioncited by 1,712
  6. 2021Plenoxels: Radiance Fields without Neural Networkscited by 1,613
  7. 2022TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fieldscited by 1,280
  8. 2021Efficient Geometry-aware 3D Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,205
  9. 2021Volume Rendering of Neural Implicit Surfacescited by 996
  10. 2021Direct Voxel Grid Optimization: Super-fast Convergence for Radiance Fields Reconstructioncited by 964
  11. 2020Neural Sparse Voxel Fieldscited by 959
  12. 2021PlenOctrees for Real-time Rendering of Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 905
31 more
  1. 2020NeRF++: Analyzing and Improving Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 861
  2. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
  3. 2021Depth-supervised NeRF: Fewer Views and Faster Training for Freecited by 735
  4. 2021KiloNeRF: Speeding up Neural Radiance Fields with Thousands of Tiny MLPscited by 673
  5. 2019Local Light Field Fusion: Practical View Synthesis with Prescriptive Sampling Guidelinescited by 672
  6. 2023ZoeDepth: Zero-shot Transfer by Combining Relative and Metric Depthcited by 657
  7. 2021RegNeRF: Regularizing Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis from Sparse Inputscited by 615
  8. 2021Neural Fields in Visual Computing and Beyondcited by 540
  9. 2021FastNeRF: High-Fidelity Neural Rendering at 200FPScited by 511
  10. 2022Point-NeRF: Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 503
  11. 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
  12. 2019SynSin: End-to-end View Synthesis from a Single Imagecited by 364
  13. 2021Neural RGB-D Surface Reconstructioncited by 313
  14. 2022MobileNeRF: Exploiting the Polygon Rasterization Pipeline for Efficient Neural Field Rendering on Mobile Architecturescited by 311
  15. 2021Dense Depth Priors for Neural Radiance Fields from Sparse Input Viewscited by 302
  16. 2023Unleashing Text-to-Image Diffusion Models for Visual Perceptioncited by 269
  17. 2019Differentiable Surface Splatting for Point-based Geometry Processingcited by 239
  18. 2022NoPe-NeRF: Optimising Neural Radiance Field with No Pose Priorcited by 235
  19. 2021DONeRF: Towards Real-Time Rendering of Compact Neural Radiance Fields using Depth Oracle Networkscited by 232
  20. 2021NerfingMVS: Guided Optimization of Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Multi-view Stereocited by 192
  21. 2021Point-Based Neural Rendering with Per-View Optimizationcited by 190
  22. 2021InfoNeRF: Ray Entropy Minimization for Few-Shot Neural Volume Renderingcited by 182
  23. 2022NeRF: Neural Radiance Field in 3D Vision: A Comprehensive Review (Updated Post-Gaussian Splatting)cited by 158
  24. 2021Real-time Neural Radiance Caching for Path Tracingcited by 91
  25. 2019Image-based 3D Object Reconstruction: State-of-the-Art and Trends in the Deep Learning Eracited by 87
  26. 2021FoV-NeRF: Foveated Neural Radiance Fields for Virtual Realitycited by 79
  27. 2022Neural Surface Reconstruction of Dynamic Scenes with Monocular RGB-D Cameracited by 57
  28. 2021Single Image Depth Estimation: An Overviewcited by 35
  29. 2022DINER: Depth-aware Image-based NEural Radiance fieldscited by 19
  30. 2023NeRFVS: Neural Radiance Fields for Free View Synthesis via Geometry Scaffoldscited by 16
  31. 2022Mip-NeRF RGB-D: Depth Assisted Fast Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 54; 2025: 66; 2026: 53.

173 papers.

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  1. 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 286
  2. 2024A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 224
  3. 2024DN-Splatter: Depth and Normal Priors for Gaussian Splatting and Meshingcited by 138
  4. 2024Reducing the Memory Footprint of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 133
  5. 2024Pixel-GS: Density Control with Pixel-aware Gradient for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 113
  6. 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
  7. 2024Motion-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 100
  8. 20243D Gaussian Splatting: Survey, Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 78
  9. 2024TranSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Images with Transformerscited by 75
  10. 2025DropGaussian: Structural Regularization for Sparse-view Gaussian Splattingcited by 65
  11. 2024LP-3DGS: Learning to Prune 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 55
  12. 2024MoDGS: Dynamic Gaussian Splatting from Casually-captured Monocular Videos with Depth Priorscited by 51
38 more
  1. 2024Endo-4DGS: Endoscopic Monocular Scene Reconstruction with 4D Gaussian Splattingcited by 43
  2. 2024SplatLoc: 3D Gaussian Splatting-based Visual Localization for Augmented Realitycited by 43
  3. 2024Gaussian Splatting: 3D Reconstruction and Novel View Synthesis, a Reviewcited by 41
  4. 2024LUDVIG: Learning-Free Uplifting of 2D Visual Features to Gaussian Splatting Scenescited by 37
  5. 2025Depth Anything with Any Priorcited by 36
  6. 2024EndoGS: Deformable Endoscopic Tissues Reconstruction with Gaussian Splattingcited by 33
  7. 20243D Vision-Language Gaussian Splattingcited by 31
  8. 2025FatesGS: Fast and Accurate Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction using Gaussian Splatting with Depth-Feature Consistencycited by 31
  9. 2024OMNI-DC: Highly Robust Depth Completion with Multiresolution Depth Integrationcited by 30
  10. 2025Vid2Sim: Realistic and Interactive Simulation from Video for Urban Navigationcited by 30
  11. 2025DropoutGS: Dropping Out Gaussians for Better Sparse-view Renderingcited by 29
  12. 20244D Gaussian Splatting in the Wild with Uncertainty-Aware Regularizationcited by 28
  13. 2024Lighting Every Darkness with 3DGS: Fast Training and Real-Time Rendering for HDR View Synthesiscited by 27
  14. 2024A Construct-Optimize Approach to Sparse View Synthesis without Camera Posecited by 25
  15. 2024Novel View Extrapolation with Video Diffusion Priorscited by 25
  16. 2025S2Gaussian: Sparse-View Super-Resolution 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 24
  17. 2025DroneSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Robust 3D Reconstruction from In-the-Wild Drone Imagerycited by 22
  18. 2024GaussianSR: 3D Gaussian Super-Resolution with 2D Diffusion Priorscited by 20
  19. 2024ODGS: 3D Scene Reconstruction from Omnidirectional Images with 3D Gaussian Splattingscited by 20
  20. 2025Multi-view Reconstruction via SfM-guided Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 20
  21. 2024Gaussian Pancakes: Geometrically-Regularized 3D Gaussian Splatting for Realistic Endoscopic Reconstructioncited by 19
  22. 2025A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting Applications: Segmentation, Editing, and Generationcited by 19
  23. 2024LoopSparseGS: Loop Based Sparse-View Friendly Gaussian Splattingcited by 18
  24. 2024FewViewGS: Gaussian Splatting with Few View Matching and Multi-stage Trainingcited by 18
  25. 2024Z-Splat: Z-Axis Gaussian Splatting for Camera-Sonar Fusioncited by 17
  26. 2026Faster-GS: Analyzing and Improving Gaussian Splatting Optimizationcited by 17
  27. 2024Touch-GS: Visual-Tactile Supervised 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 16
  28. 2024MVG-Splatting: Multi-View Guided Gaussian Splatting with Adaptive Quantile-Based Geometric Consistency Densificationcited by 16
  29. 2024Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting for Novel View Synthesis in Presence of Distractorscited by 15
  30. 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 15
  31. 2025ReSplat: Learning Recurrent Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  32. 2025GigaSLAM: Large-Scale Monocular SLAM with Hierarchical Gaussian Splatscited by 14
  33. 2025Quantifying and Alleviating Co-Adaptation in Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 14
  34. 2024ThermalGaussian: Thermal 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 13
  35. 2024Extrapolated Urban View Synthesis Benchmarkcited by 13
  36. 2025Revisiting Depth Representations for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 12
  37. 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairscited by 11
  38. 2025Pro3D-Editor : A Progressive-Views Perspective for Consistent and Precise 3D Editingcited by 11

50 most cited of 173 All 173 (JSON)