Revisiting Depth Representations for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Depth maps are widely used in feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) pipelines by unprojecting them into 3D point clouds for novel view synthesis. This approach offers advantages such as efficient training, the use of known camera poses, and accurate geometry estimation. However, depth discontinuities at object boundaries often lead to fragmented or sparse point clouds, degrading rendering quality -- a well-known limitation of depth-based representations. To tackle this issue, we introduce PM-Loss, a novel regularization loss based on a pointmap predicted by a pre-trained transformer. Although the pointmap itself may be less accurate than the depth map, it effectively enforces geometric smoothness, especially around object boundaries. With the improved depth map, our method significantly improves the feed-forward 3DGS across various architectures and scenes, delivering consistently better rendering results. Our project page: https://aim-uofa.github.io/PMLoss
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Jun 2025.
Builds on
46 of 56 references.
References · 46
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,567
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,539
- 2024Depth Anything V2cited by 1,422
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,360
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,076
- 2024Grounding Image Matching in 3D with MASt3Rcited by 983
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
- 2020Accelerating 3D Deep Learning with PyTorch3Dcited by 784
- 2023ScanNet++: A High-Fidelity Dataset of 3D Indoor Scenescited by 764
- 2023pixelSplat: 3D Gaussian Splats from Image Pairs for Scalable Generalizable 3D Reconstructioncited by 684
34 more
- 2024MVSplat: Efficient 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Imagescited by 566
- 2025Continuous 3D Perception Model with Persistent Statecited by 548
- 2023DL3DV-10K: A Large-Scale Scene Dataset for Deep Learning-based 3D Visioncited by 537
- 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motioncited by 442
- 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 417
- 2025Fast3R: Towards 3D Reconstruction of 1000+ Images in One Forward Passcited by 367
- 2024GS-LRM: Large Reconstruction Model for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 349
- 2024MoGe: Unlocking Accurate Monocular Geometry Estimation for Open-Domain Images with Optimal Training Supervisioncited by 299
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 286
- 2023FSGS: Real-Time Few-shot View Synthesis using Gaussian Splattingcited by 279
- 20243D Reconstruction with Spatial Memorycited by 277
- 2024No Pose, No Problem: Surprisingly Simple 3D Gaussian Splats from Sparse Unposed Imagescited by 248
- 2018Stereo Magnification: Learning View Synthesis using Multiplane Imagescited by 211
- 2025FLARE: Feed-forward Geometry, Appearance and Camera Estimation from Uncalibrated Sparse Viewscited by 180
- 2024Splatt3R: Zero-shot Gaussian Splatting from Uncalibrated Image Pairscited by 178
- 2023Depth-Regularized Optimization for 3D Gaussian Splatting in Few-Shot Imagescited by 173
- 2024MV-DUSt3R+: Single-Stage Scene Reconstruction from Sparse Views In 2 Secondscited by 141
- 2024Flash3D: Feed-Forward Generalisable 3D Scene Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 116
- 2024MVSplat360: Feed-Forward 360 Scene Synthesis from Sparse Viewscited by 116
- 2024Long-LRM: Long-sequence Large Reconstruction Model for Wide-coverage Gaussian Splatscited by 114
- 2024FreeSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting Towards Free-View Synthesis of Indoor Scenescited by 89
- 2024GSDF: 3DGS Meets SDF for Improved Rendering and Reconstructioncited by 83
- 20243DGSR: Implicit Surface Reconstruction with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 79
- 2024TranSplat: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting from Sparse Multi-View Images with Transformerscited by 75
- 2024GS2Mesh: Surface Reconstruction from Gaussian Splatting via Novel Stereo Viewscited by 67
- 2022SC-DepthV3: Robust Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Scenescited by 52
- 2023Explicit Correspondence Matching for Generalizable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 46
- 2024SelfSplat: Pose-Free and 3D Prior-Free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 42
- 2020Predicting Sharp and Accurate Occlusion Boundaries in Monocular Depth Estimation Using Displacement Fieldscited by 40
- 2025ZPressor: Bottleneck-Aware Compression for Scalable Feed-Forward 3DGScited by 32
- 2024Trim 3D Gaussian Splatting for Accurate Geometry Representationcited by 28
- 2024PixelGaussian: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Reconstruction from Arbitrary Viewscited by 19
- 2024Epipolar-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Novel View Synthesiscited by 18
- 2025FreeSplat++: Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Efficient Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 15
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 8.
12 papers.
- 2025VolSplat: Rethinking Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Voxel-Aligned Predictioncited by 48
- 2025Uni3R: Unified 3D Reconstruction and Semantic Understanding via Generalizable Gaussian Splatting from Unposed Multi-View Imagescited by 26
- 2025DriveGen3D: Boosting Feed-Forward Driving Scene Generation with Efficient Video Diffusioncited by 15
- 2026TokenGS: Decoupling 3D Gaussian Prediction from Pixels with Learnable Tokenscited by 15
- 2026World-R1: Reinforcing 3D Constraints for Text-to-Video Generationcited by 11
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2026Feed-Forward 3D Scene Modeling: A Problem-Driven Perspectivecited by 6
- 2026FastGHA: Generalized Few-Shot 3D Gaussian Head Avatars with Real-Time Animationcited by 4
- 2026TriSplat: Simulation-Ready Feed-Forward 3D Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2026AdaptSplat: Adapting Vision Foundation Models for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026VS-Splat: Voxel-Selective feed-forward Gaussian Splatting for end-to-end 3D object reconstruction from sparse-viewscited by 0
- 2026Any Time, Any Space: A World-State-Centric Framework for Agentic Video Generationcited by 0
- 2026Any Time, Any Space: A World-State-Centric Framework for Agentic Video Generation14 Oct 2026
- 2026VS-Splat: Voxel-Selective feed-forward Gaussian Splatting for end-to-end 3D object reconstruction from sparse-views11 Sep 2026
- 2026TriSplat: Simulation-Ready Feed-Forward 3D Scene Reconstruction25 May 2026
- 2026AdaptSplat: Adapting Vision Foundation Models for Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting11 May 2026
- 2026World-R1: Reinforcing 3D Constraints for Text-to-Video Generation27 Apr 2026
- 2026TokenGS: Decoupling 3D Gaussian Prediction from Pixels with Learnable Tokens16 Apr 2026
- 2026Feed-Forward 3D Scene Modeling: A Problem-Driven Perspective15 Apr 2026
- 2026FastGHA: Generalized Few-Shot 3D Gaussian Head Avatars with Real-Time Animation20 Jan 2026
- 2025DriveGen3D: Boosting Feed-Forward Driving Scene Generation with Efficient Video Diffusion17 Oct 2025
- 2025VolSplat: Rethinking Feed-Forward 3D Gaussian Splatting with Voxel-Aligned Prediction23 Sep 2025
- 2025MeshSplat: Generalizable Sparse-View Surface Reconstruction via Gaussian Splatting25 Aug 2025
- 2025Uni3R: Unified 3D Reconstruction and Semantic Understanding via Generalizable Gaussian Splatting from Unposed Multi-View Images5 Aug 2025