MTGS: Multi-Traversal Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-traversal data, commonly collected through daily commutes or by self-driving fleets, provides multiple viewpoints for scene reconstruction within a road block. This data offers significant potential for high-quality novel view synthesis, which is crucial for applications such as autonomous vehicle simulators. However, inherent challenges in multi-traversal data often result in suboptimal reconstruction quality, including variations in appearance and the presence of dynamic objects. To address these issues, we propose Multi-Traversal Gaussian Splatting (MTGS), a novel approach that reconstructs high-quality driving scenes from arbitrarily collected multi-traversal data by modeling a shared static geometry while separately handling dynamic elements and appearance variations. Our method employs a multi-traversal dynamic scene graph with a shared static node and traversal-specific dynamic nodes, complemented by color correction nodes with learnable spherical harmonics coefficient residuals. This approach enables high-fidelity novel view synthesis and provides flexibility to navigate any viewpoint. We conduct extensive experiments on a large-scale driving dataset, nuPlan, with multi-traversal data. Our results demonstrate that MTGS improves LPIPS by 23.5% and geometry accuracy by 46.3% compared to single-traversal baselines. The code and data would be available to the public.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2025.
Builds on
47 of 55 references.
References · 47
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,139
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,974
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,444
- 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,351
- 2021Mip-NeRF 360: Unbounded Anti-Aliased Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 2,032
- 2020NeRF in the Wild: Neural Radiance Fields for Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 1,232
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
- 20242D Gaussian Splatting for Geometrically Accurate Radiance Fieldscited by 1,076
- 2022Block-NeRF: Scalable Large Scene Neural View Synthesiscited by 724
35 more
- 2023Nerfstudio: A Modular Framework for Neural Radiance Field Developmentcited by 600
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 490
- 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 382
- 2023PhysGaussian: Physics-Integrated 3D Gaussians for Generative Dynamicscited by 377
- 2023DrivingGaussian: Composite Gaussian Splatting for Surrounding Dynamic Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 360
- 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 297
- 2024gsplat: An Open-Source Library for Gaussian Splattingcited by 285
- 2023GS-SLAM: Dense Visual SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 278
- 2024Street Gaussians: Modeling Dynamic Urban Scenes with Gaussian Splattingcited by 221
- 2023MARS: An Instance-aware, Modular and Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 170
- 2024OmniRe: Omni Urban Scene Reconstructioncited by 161
- 2024WildGaussians: 3D Gaussian Splatting in the Wildcited by 152
- 2023NeuRAD: Neural Rendering for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
- 2024HUGS: Holistic Urban 3D Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 142
- 2024DN-Splatter: Depth and Normal Priors for Gaussian Splatting and Meshingcited by 138
- 2022KISS-ICP: In Defense of Point-to-Point ICP -- Simple, Accurate, and Robust Registration If Done the Right Waycited by 132
- 2024Gaussian in the Wild: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Unconstrained Image Collectionscited by 117
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 104
- 2024HUGSIM: A Real-Time, Photo-Realistic and Closed-Loop Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 90
- 2025RAD: Training an End-to-End Driving Policy via Large-Scale 3DGS-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 79
- 2024SplatAD: Real-Time Lidar and Camera Rendering with 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Drivingcited by 69
- 2024NeuroNCAP: Photorealistic Closed-loop Safety Testing for Autonomous Drivingcited by 62
- 2024Wild-GS: Real-Time Novel View Synthesis from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 56
- 2024AutoSplat: Constrained Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving Scene Reconstructioncited by 52
- 2024StreetCrafter: Street View Synthesis with Controllable Video Diffusion Modelscited by 49
- 2023Deformable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Animatable Human Avatarscited by 44
- 2024SGD: Street View Synthesis with Gaussian Splatting and Diffusion Priorcited by 36
- 2024FreeSim: Toward Free-viewpoint Camera Simulation in Driving Scenescited by 30
- 2025Vid2Sim: Realistic and Interactive Simulation from Video for Urban Navigationcited by 30
- 2024VEGS: View Extrapolation of Urban Scenes in 3D Gaussian Splatting using Learned Priorscited by 25
- 2024Are NeRFs ready for autonomous driving? Towards closing the real-to-simulation gapcited by 20
- 2024Extrapolated Urban View Synthesis Benchmarkcited by 13
- 2025Decoupling Appearance Variations with 3D Consistent Features in Gaussian Splattingcited by 7
- 2024Crowd-Sourced NeRF: Collecting Data from Production Vehicles for 3D Street View Reconstructioncited by 6
- 20243D StreetUnveiler with Semantic-aware 2DGS -- a simple baselinecited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 7; 2026: 12.
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- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 36
- 2025LEAD: Minimizing Learner-Expert Asymmetry in End-to-End Drivingcited by 23
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
- 2025Zero-Human Demonstration End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Trajectory Scorercited by 16
- 2026123D: Unifying Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Data at Scalecited by 3
- 2025Optimization-Guided Diffusion for Interactive Scene Generationcited by 2
- 2026Constrained Group Relative Policy Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025HybridWorldSim: A Scalable and Controllable High-fidelity Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026P2GS: Physical Prior-guided Gaussian Splatting for Photometrically Consistent Urban Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Does it matter which Gaussians you pick in 4D Gaussian streaming?cited by 0
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstructioncited by 0
7 more
- 2026Towards Physically Consistent 4D Scene Reconstruction for Closed-loop Autonomous Driving Simulationcited by 0
- 2026Closed Loop Dynamic Driving Data Mixture for Real-Synthetic Co-Trainingcited by 0
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026OneFixer: High-Quality and Consistent One-Step Autoregressive 3DGS Refinement for Driving Scenescited by 0
- 2026Odyssey: A Closed-Loop Benchmark for Long-Horizon Real-World Driving with Explicit Navigation Routescited by 0
- 2026Do Better Visual Representations Always Lead to Better End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 0
- 2026Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Scene Reconstruction: Methods, Systems, and Trade-offscited by 0
- 2026Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Scene Reconstruction: Methods, Systems, and Trade-offs13 Oct 2026
- 2026Do Better Visual Representations Always Lead to Better End-to-End Autonomous Driving?7 Oct 2026
- 2026Odyssey: A Closed-Loop Benchmark for Long-Horizon Real-World Driving with Explicit Navigation Routes5 Oct 2026
- 2026OneFixer: High-Quality and Consistent One-Step Autoregressive 3DGS Refinement for Driving Scenes26 Sep 2026
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesis12 Aug 2026
- 2026Closed Loop Dynamic Driving Data Mixture for Real-Synthetic Co-Training20 May 2026
- 2026Towards Physically Consistent 4D Scene Reconstruction for Closed-loop Autonomous Driving Simulation20 May 2026
- 2026P2GS: Physical Prior-guided Gaussian Splatting for Photometrically Consistent Urban Reconstruction16 May 2026
- 2026123D: Unifying Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Data at Scale8 May 2026
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstruction7 Apr 2026
- 2026Does it matter which Gaussians you pick in 4D Gaussian streaming?18 Mar 2026
- 2026Constrained Group Relative Policy Optimization5 Feb 2026
7 more
- 2025LEAD: Minimizing Learner-Expert Asymmetry in End-to-End Driving23 Dec 2025
- 2025Optimization-Guided Diffusion for Interactive Scene Generation8 Dec 2025
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scale28 Nov 2025
- 2025HybridWorldSim: A Scalable and Controllable High-fidelity Simulator for Autonomous Driving27 Nov 2025
- 2025Zero-Human Demonstration End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Trajectory Scorer28 Oct 2025
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Jun 2025
- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Driving4 Jun 2025
- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
- 2025LEAD: Minimizing Learner-Expert Asymmetry in End-to-End Drivingcited by 23
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 19
- 2025Zero-Human Demonstration End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Trajectory Scorercited by 16
- 2026123D: Unifying Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Data at Scalecited by 3
- 2025HybridWorldSim: A Scalable and Controllable High-fidelity Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026Towards Physically Consistent 4D Scene Reconstruction for Closed-loop Autonomous Driving Simulationcited by 0
- 2026Closed Loop Dynamic Driving Data Mixture for Real-Synthetic Co-Trainingcited by 0
- 2026Odyssey: A Closed-Loop Benchmark for Long-Horizon Real-World Driving with Explicit Navigation Routescited by 0
- 2026Do Better Visual Representations Always Lead to Better End-to-End Autonomous Driving?cited by 0
- 2026Do Better Visual Representations Always Lead to Better End-to-End Autonomous Driving?7 Oct 2026
- 2026Odyssey: A Closed-Loop Benchmark for Long-Horizon Real-World Driving with Explicit Navigation Routes5 Oct 2026
- 2026Closed Loop Dynamic Driving Data Mixture for Real-Synthetic Co-Training20 May 2026
- 2026Towards Physically Consistent 4D Scene Reconstruction for Closed-loop Autonomous Driving Simulation20 May 2026
- 2026123D: Unifying Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Data at Scale8 May 2026
- 2025LEAD: Minimizing Learner-Expert Asymmetry in End-to-End Driving23 Dec 2025
- 2025HybridWorldSim: A Scalable and Controllable High-fidelity Simulator for Autonomous Driving27 Nov 2025
- 2025Zero-Human Demonstration End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Trajectory Scorer28 Oct 2025
- 2025Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Jun 2025
- 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Driving4 Jun 2025
- 2026Constrained Group Relative Policy Optimizationcited by 2
- 2026Constrained Group Relative Policy Optimization5 Feb 2026
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 36
- 2026P2GS: Physical Prior-guided Gaussian Splatting for Photometrically Consistent Urban Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2026Does it matter which Gaussians you pick in 4D Gaussian streaming?cited by 0
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Scene Reconstruction: Methods, Systems, and Trade-offscited by 0
- 2026Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Scene Reconstruction: Methods, Systems, and Trade-offs13 Oct 2026
- 2026MV2: Multi-View Multi-Vehicle Driving Dataset for Novel View Synthesis12 Aug 2026
- 2026P2GS: Physical Prior-guided Gaussian Splatting for Photometrically Consistent Urban Reconstruction16 May 2026
- 2026Appearance Decomposition Gaussian Splatting for Multi-Traversal Reconstruction7 Apr 2026
- 2026Does it matter which Gaussians you pick in 4D Gaussian streaming?18 Mar 2026
- 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scale28 Nov 2025