Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awareness
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a new trainable system for physically plausible markerless 3D human motion capture, which achieves state-of-the-art results in a broad range of challenging scenarios. Unlike most neural methods for human motion capture, our approach, which we dub physionical, is aware of physical and environmental constraints. It combines in a fully differentiable way several key innovations, i.e., 1. a proportional-derivative controller, with gains predicted by a neural network, that reduces delays even in the presence of fast motions, 2. an explicit rigid body dynamics model and 3. a novel optimisation layer that prevents physically implausible foot-floor penetration as a hard constraint. The inputs to our system are 2D joint keypoints, which are canonicalised in a novel way so as to reduce the dependency on intrinsic camera parameters -- both at train and test time. This enables more accurate global translation estimation without generalisability loss. Our model can be finetuned only with 2D annotations when the 3D annotations are not available. It produces smooth and physically principled 3D motions in an interactive frame rate in a wide variety of challenging scenes, including newly recorded ones. Its advantages are especially noticeable on in-the-wild sequences that significantly differ from common 3D pose estimation benchmarks such as Human 3.6M and MPI-INF-3DHP. Qualitative results are available at http://gvv.mpi-inf.mpg.de/projects/PhysAware/
Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 May 2021.
Builds on
49 of 89 references.
References · 49
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- 2018OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,161
- 2016Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fieldscited by 1,061
- 2016Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimationcited by 913
- 2017End-to-end Recovery of Human Shape and Posecited by 883
- 2016Keep it SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Imagecited by 692
- 2019Learning to Reconstruct 3D Human Pose and Shape via Model-fitting in the Loopcited by 625
- 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 615
- 2016Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation In The Wild Using Improved CNN Supervisioncited by 493
- 2019Differentiable Convex Optimization Layerscited by 458
- 2017A simple yet effective baseline for 3d human pose estimationcited by 401
- 20183D human pose estimation in video with temporal convolutions and semi-supervised trainingcited by 401
37 more
- 2016Convolutional Pose Machinescited by 325
- 2018Learning 3D Human Dynamics from Videocited by 315
- 2019Resolving 3D Human Pose Ambiguities with 3D Scene Constraintscited by 294
- 2017Hand Keypoint Detection in Single Images using Multiview Bootstrappingcited by 231
- 2018Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Color Imagecited by 226
- 2016Coarse-to-Fine Volumetric Prediction for Single-Image 3D Human Posecited by 220
- 2018Monocular Total Capture: Posing Face, Body, and Hands in the Wildcited by 162
- 2020DeepCap: Monocular Human Performance Capture Using Weak Supervisioncited by 162
- 2018DeepMimic: Example-Guided Deep Reinforcement Learning of Physics-Based Character Skillscited by 153
- 2020Perceiving 3D Human-Object Spatial Arrangements from a Single Image in the Wildcited by 152
- 2017VNect: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation with a Single RGB Cameracited by 129
- 2017Towards 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild: a Weakly-supervised Approachcited by 114
- 20163D Human Pose Estimation = 2D Pose Estimation + Matchingcited by 112
- 2017Sparse Inertial Poser: Automatic 3D Human Pose Estimation from Sparse IMUscited by 108
- 2020Contact and Human Dynamics from Monocular Videocited by 94
- 2018LCR-Net++: Multi-person 2D and 3D Pose Detection in Natural Imagescited by 88
- 2019Human Mesh Recovery from Monocular Images via a Skeleton-disentangled Representationcited by 87
- 20183D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild by Adversarial Learningcited by 86
- 2019RepNet: Weakly Supervised Training of an Adversarial Reprojection Network for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 85
- 2020Human Body Model Fitting by Learned Gradient Descentcited by 81
- 20163D Human Pose Estimation from a Single Image via Distance Matrix Regressioncited by 73
- 2017Lifting from the Deep: Convolutional 3D Pose Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 73
- 2019XNect: Real-time Multi-Person 3D Motion Capture with a Single RGB Cameracited by 68
- 2019EventCap: Monocular 3D Capture of High-Speed Human Motions using an Event Cameracited by 65
- 2017MonoPerfCap: Human Performance Capture from Monocular Videocited by 63
- 2020Residual Force Control for Agile Human Behavior Imitation and Extended Motion Synthesiscited by 63
- 2020PhysCap: Physically Plausible Monocular 3D Motion Capture in Real Timecited by 50
- 2019Estimating 3D Motion and Forces of Person-Object Interactions from Monocular Videocited by 48
- 2019In the Wild Human Pose Estimation Using Explicit 2D Features and Intermediate 3D Representationscited by 48
- 2016Structured Prediction of 3D Human Pose with Deep Neural Networkscited by 43
- 2020Compressed Volumetric Heatmaps for Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2020MotioNet: 3D Human Motion Reconstruction from Monocular Video with Skeleton Consistencycited by 31
- 2019Synthesis of Biologically Realistic Human Motion Using Joint Torque Actuationcited by 23
- 2018LookinGood: Enhancing Performance Capture with Real-time Neural Re-Renderingcited by 22
- 2019Multi-Person 3D Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Imagescited by 19
- 2020Weakly-supervised Learning of Human Dynamicscited by 13
- 2019Structure from Articulated Motion: Accurate and Stable Monocular 3D Reconstruction without Training Datacited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 20; 2023: 12; 2024: 16; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.
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- 2022PhysDiff: Physics-Guided Human Motion Diffusion Modelcited by 365
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
- 2021D-Grasp: Physically Plausible Dynamic Grasp Synthesis for Hand-Object Interactionscited by 109
- 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimationcited by 101
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physicscited by 100
- 2023ReMoS: 3D Motion-Conditioned Reaction Synthesis for Two-Person Interactionscited by 62
- 2023ArtiGrasp: Physically Plausible Synthesis of Bi-Manual Dexterous Grasping and Articulationcited by 53
- 2023Physically Plausible Full-Body Hand-Object Interaction Synthesiscited by 52
- 2024PhyRecon: Physically Plausible Neural Scene Reconstructioncited by 44
- 2022D&D: Learning Human Dynamics from Dynamic Cameracited by 39
- 2022Differentiable Dynamics for Articulated 3d Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 38
38 more
- 2022Trajectory Optimization for Physics-Based Reconstruction of 3d Human Pose from Monocular Videocited by 37
- 2022Neural MoCon: Neural Motion Control for Physically Plausible Human Motion Capturecited by 31
- 2021Gravity-Aware Monocular 3D Human-Object Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2022The One Where They Reconstructed 3D Humans and Environments in TV Showscited by 30
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2022Scene-aware Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 30
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidancecited by 29
- 2022Embodied Scene-aware Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenescited by 28
- 2024PhysPT: Physics-aware Pretrained Transformer for Estimating Human Dynamics from Monocular Videoscited by 27
- 2022PoseTriplet: Co-evolving 3D Human Pose Estimation, Imitation, and Hallucination under Self-supervisioncited by 25
- 2024PACER+: On-Demand Pedestrian Animation Controller in Driving Scenarioscited by 24
- 2022φ-SfT: Shape-from-Template with a Physics-Based Deformation Modelcited by 23
- 2023ROAM: Robust and Object-Aware Motion Generation Using Neural Pose Descriptorscited by 23
- 20233D Human Pose Perception from Egocentric Stereo Videoscited by 23
- 2024HUMOS: Human Motion Model Conditioned on Body Shapecited by 20
- 2022HybridCap: Inertia-aid Monocular Capture of Challenging Human Motionscited by 19
- 2022Physical Interaction: Reconstructing Hand-object Interactions with Physicscited by 19
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Cameracited by 19
- 2022MoCapDeform: Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture in Deformable Scenescited by 18
- 2024MultiPhys: Multi-Person Physics-aware 3D Motion Estimationcited by 18
- 2023Fusing Monocular Images and Sparse IMU Signals for Real-time Human Motion Capturecited by 17
- 2023Decaf: Monocular Deformation Capture for Face and Hand Interactionscited by 17
- 2024Real-Time Simulated Avatar from Head-Mounted Sensorscited by 17
- 2024MMVP: A Multimodal MoCap Dataset with Vision and Pressure Sensorscited by 16
- 2024Contact-aware Human Motion Generation from Textual Descriptionscited by 15
- 2022Transformer-Based Learned Optimizationcited by 13
- 2021FLEX: Extrinsic Parameters-free Multi-view 3D Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2024AddBiomechanics Dataset: Capturing the Physics of Human Motion at Scalecited by 11
- 2025Shape My Moves: Text-Driven Shape-Aware Synthesis of Human Motionscited by 11
- 2022PosePipe: Open-Source Human Pose Estimation Pipeline for Clinical Researchcited by 10
- 2022Knowledge-augmented Deep Learning and Its Applications: A Surveycited by 10
- 2024Physics-based Scene Layout Generation from Human Motioncited by 10
- 2024ImDy: Human Inverse Dynamics from Imitated Observationscited by 9
- 2025FinePhys: Fine-grained Human Action Generation by Explicitly Incorporating Physical Laws for Effective Skeletal Guidancecited by 9
- 2022Transforming Gait: Video-Based Spatiotemporal Gait Analysiscited by 8
- 2024Optimal-state Dynamics Estimation for Physics-based Human Motion Capture from Videoscited by 6
- 2021Exploring Versatile Prior for Human Motion via Motion Frequency Guidancecited by 5
50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026Gravity-guided Contact Dynamics Estimation from 3D Human Motions6 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Pipeline for Self-Synchronized Multiview Joint Angle Monitoring in Uncalibrated Environments14 May 2026
- 2026Ground Reaction Inertial Poser: Physics-based Human Motion Capture from Sparse IMUs and Insole Pressure Sensors17 Mar 2026
- 2026Skeleton2Stage: Reward-Guided Fine-Tuning for Physically Plausible Dance Generation14 Feb 2026
- 2026QuaMo: Quaternion Motions for Vision-based 3D Human Kinematics Capture27 Jan 2026
- 2025FootFormer: Estimating Stability from Visual Input22 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Human Motion Plausibility with Body Momentum11 Sep 2025
- 2025DiffCap: Diffusion-based Real-time Human Motion Capture using Sparse IMUs and a Monocular Camera8 Aug 2025
- 2025Physics-based Human Pose Estimation from a Single Moving RGB Camera23 Jul 2025
- 2025Physics-informed Ground Reaction Dynamics from Human Motion Capture2 Jul 2025
- 2025PAMD: Plausibility-Aware Motion Diffusion Model for Long Dance Generation26 May 2025
- 2025FinePhys: Fine-grained Human Action Generation by Explicitly Incorporating Physical Laws for Effective Skeletal Guidance19 May 2025
38 more
- 2025KinTwin: Imitation Learning with Torque and Muscle Driven Biomechanical Models Enables Precise Replication of Able-Bodied and Impaired Movement from Markerless Motion Capture19 May 2025
- 2025Shape My Moves: Text-Driven Shape-Aware Synthesis of Human Motions4 Apr 2025
- 2025Thin-Shell-SfT: Fine-Grained Monocular Non-rigid 3D Surface Tracking with Neural Deformation Fields25 Mar 2025
- 2025Measuring Physical Plausibility of 3D Human Poses Using Physics Simulation6 Feb 2025
- 2024A Plug-and-Play Physical Motion Restoration Approach for In-the-Wild High-Difficulty Motions23 Dec 2024
- 2024Text to Blind Motion6 Dec 2024
- 2024Social EgoMesh Estimation7 Nov 2024
- 2024ImDy: Human Inverse Dynamics from Imitated Observations23 Oct 2024
- 2024Optimal-state Dynamics Estimation for Physics-based Human Motion Capture from Videos10 Oct 2024
- 2024HUMOS: Human Motion Model Conditioned on Body Shape5 Sep 2024
- 2024Physics-based Scene Layout Generation from Human Motion21 May 2024
- 2024AddBiomechanics Dataset: Capturing the Physics of Human Motion at Scale16 May 2024
- 2024PACER+: On-Demand Pedestrian Animation Controller in Driving Scenarios30 Apr 2024
- 2024PhyRecon: Physically Plausible Neural Scene Reconstruction25 Apr 2024
- 2024MultiPhys: Multi-Person Physics-aware 3D Motion Estimation18 Apr 2024
- 2024PhysPT: Physics-aware Pretrained Transformer for Estimating Human Dynamics from Monocular Videos5 Apr 2024
- 2024MMVP: A Multimodal MoCap Dataset with Vision and Pressure Sensors26 Mar 2024
- 2024Contact-aware Human Motion Generation from Textual Descriptions23 Mar 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in 3D Reconstruction of General Non-Rigid Scenes22 Mar 2024
- 2024Real-Time Simulated Avatar from Head-Mounted Sensors11 Mar 2024
- 20233D Human Pose Perception from Egocentric Stereo Videos30 Dec 2023
- 2023ReMoS: 3D Motion-Conditioned Reaction Synthesis for Two-Person Interactions28 Nov 2023
- 2023Decaf: Monocular Deformation Capture for Face and Hand Interactions28 Sep 2023
- 2023Physically Plausible Full-Body Hand-Object Interaction Synthesis14 Sep 2023
- 2023ArtiGrasp: Physically Plausible Synthesis of Bi-Manual Dexterous Grasping and Articulation7 Sep 2023
- 2023Fusing Monocular Images and Sparse IMU Signals for Real-time Human Motion Capture1 Sep 2023
- 2023ROAM: Robust and Object-Aware Motion Generation Using Neural Pose Descriptors24 Aug 2023
- 2023Physics-Guided Human Motion Capture with Pose Probability Modeling19 Aug 2023
- 2023GraMMaR: Ground-aware Motion Model for 3D Human Motion Reconstruction29 Jun 2023
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physics31 Mar 2023
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wild24 Feb 2023
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Camera12 Jan 2023
- 2022Scene-aware Egocentric 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Dec 2022
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesis8 Dec 2022
- 2022PhysDiff: Physics-Guided Human Motion Diffusion Model5 Dec 2022
- 2022Transformer-Based Learned Optimization2 Dec 2022
- 2022Knowledge-augmented Deep Learning and Its Applications: A Survey30 Nov 2022
- 2022State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstruction27 Oct 2022
50 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
- 2021D-Grasp: Physically Plausible Dynamic Grasp Synthesis for Hand-Object Interactionscited by 109
- 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimationcited by 101
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physicscited by 100
- 2023ReMoS: 3D Motion-Conditioned Reaction Synthesis for Two-Person Interactionscited by 62
- 2023ArtiGrasp: Physically Plausible Synthesis of Bi-Manual Dexterous Grasping and Articulationcited by 53
- 2023Physically Plausible Full-Body Hand-Object Interaction Synthesiscited by 52
- 2024PhyRecon: Physically Plausible Neural Scene Reconstructioncited by 44
- 2022D&D: Learning Human Dynamics from Dynamic Cameracited by 39
- 2022Differentiable Dynamics for Articulated 3d Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 38
- 2022Trajectory Optimization for Physics-Based Reconstruction of 3d Human Pose from Monocular Videocited by 37
12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026Gravity-guided Contact Dynamics Estimation from 3D Human Motions6 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Pipeline for Self-Synchronized Multiview Joint Angle Monitoring in Uncalibrated Environments14 May 2026
- 2026Ground Reaction Inertial Poser: Physics-based Human Motion Capture from Sparse IMUs and Insole Pressure Sensors17 Mar 2026
- 2026Skeleton2Stage: Reward-Guided Fine-Tuning for Physically Plausible Dance Generation14 Feb 2026
- 2026QuaMo: Quaternion Motions for Vision-based 3D Human Kinematics Capture27 Jan 2026
- 2025FootFormer: Estimating Stability from Visual Input22 Oct 2025
- 2025Improving Human Motion Plausibility with Body Momentum11 Sep 2025
- 2025DiffCap: Diffusion-based Real-time Human Motion Capture using Sparse IMUs and a Monocular Camera8 Aug 2025
- 2025Physics-based Human Pose Estimation from a Single Moving RGB Camera23 Jul 2025
- 2025Physics-informed Ground Reaction Dynamics from Human Motion Capture2 Jul 2025
- 2025FinePhys: Fine-grained Human Action Generation by Explicitly Incorporating Physical Laws for Effective Skeletal Guidance19 May 2025
- 2025Shape My Moves: Text-Driven Shape-Aware Synthesis of Human Motions4 Apr 2025
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)