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3D human pose estimation in video with temporal convolutions and semi-supervised training

arXiv 1811.11742 ↗First posted 28 Nov 2018cs.CVcited by 403

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this work, we demonstrate that 3D poses in video can be effectively estimated with a fully convolutional model based on dilated temporal convolutions over 2D keypoints. We also introduce back-projection, a simple and effective semi-supervised training method that leverages unlabeled video data. We start with predicted 2D keypoints for unlabeled video, then estimate 3D poses and finally back-project to the input 2D keypoints. In the supervised setting, our fully-convolutional model outperforms the previous best result from the literature by 6 mm mean per-joint position error on Human3.6M, corresponding to an error reduction of 11%, and the model also shows significant improvements on HumanEva-I. Moreover, experiments with back-projection show that it comfortably outperforms previous state-of-the-art results in semi-supervised settings where labeled data is scarce. Code and models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/VideoPose3D

Key facts. Cited by 403 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Nov 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 80; 2022: 72; 2023: 87; 2024: 61; 2025: 59; 2026: 44.

403 papers.

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  1. 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 324
  2. 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 272
  3. 2021Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 257
  4. 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
  5. 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 193
  6. 2022BEAT: A Large-Scale Semantic and Emotional Multi-Modal Dataset for Conversational Gestures Synthesiscited by 178
  7. 2022MixSTE: Seq2seq Mixed Spatio-Temporal Encoder for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 159
  8. 2021MHFormer: Multi-Hypothesis Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 151
  9. 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
  10. 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 117
  11. 2021SimPoE: Simulated Character Control for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 114
  12. 2021Dynamics-Regulated Kinematic Policy for Egocentric Pose Estimationcited by 101
38 more
  1. 2022DiffPose: Toward More Reliable 3D Pose Estimationcited by 100
  2. 2021Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Videocited by 98
  3. 2021Learning Motion Priors for 4D Human Body Capture in 3D Scenescited by 98
  4. 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 96
  5. 2021Graph Stacked Hourglass Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 95
  6. 2021Exploiting Temporal Contexts with Strided Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 94
  7. 2023PoseFormerV2: Exploring Frequency Domain for Efficient and Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 92
  8. 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 89
  9. 2023Diffusion-Based 3D Human Pose Estimation with Multi-Hypothesis Aggregationcited by 82
  10. 2022P-STMO: Pre-Trained Spatial Temporal Many-to-One Model for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 80
  11. 2023MM-Fi: Multi-Modal Non-Intrusive 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Wireless Sensingcited by 79
  12. 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 71
  13. 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 64
  14. 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
  15. 2021Learning Skeletal Graph Neural Networks for Hard 3D Pose Estimationcited by 62
  16. 2023Learning Discriminative Representations for Skeleton Based Action Recognitioncited by 62
  17. 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fieldscited by 57
  18. 2021Estimating Egocentric 3D Human Pose in Global Spacecited by 56
  19. 2021Conditional Directed Graph Convolution for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 52
  20. 2021Recent Advances in Monocular 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 50
  21. 2023GLA-GCN: Global-local Adaptive Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 47
  22. 2023Human Pose as Compositional Tokenscited by 45
  23. 2021Multi-modal 3D Human Pose Estimation with 2D Weak Supervision in Autonomous Drivingcited by 40
  24. 2022Faster VoxelPose: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation by Orthographic Projectioncited by 39
  25. 2022mRI: Multi-modal 3D Human Pose Estimation Dataset using mmWave, RGB-D, and Inertial Sensorscited by 38
  26. 2021Context Modeling in 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Unified Perspectivecited by 37
  27. 2022Trajectory Optimization for Physics-Based Reconstruction of 3d Human Pose from Monocular Videocited by 37
  28. 2021VPN++: Rethinking Video-Pose embeddings for understanding Activities of Daily Livingcited by 35
  29. 2021UNIK: A Unified Framework for Real-world Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 35
  30. 2021ElePose: Unsupervised 3D Human Pose Estimation by Predicting Camera Elevation and Learning Normalizing Flows on 2D Posescited by 35
  31. 2022Estimating Egocentric 3D Human Pose in the Wild with External Weak Supervisioncited by 34
  32. 2023Visual Tuningcited by 34
  33. 2024KTPFormer: Kinematics and Trajectory Prior Knowledge-Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 34
  34. 2021Task-Generic Hierarchical Human Motion Prior using VAEscited by 33
  35. 2021Test-Time Personalization with a Transformer for Human Pose Estimationcited by 33
  36. 2022Uplift and Upsample: Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation with Uplifting Transformerscited by 33
  37. 2021AdaptPose: Cross-Dataset Adaptation for 3D Human Pose Estimation by Learnable Motion Generationcited by 32
  38. 2022HuPR: A Benchmark for Human Pose Estimation Using Millimeter Wave Radarcited by 31

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