Towards 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild: a Weakly-supervised Approach
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we study the task of 3D human pose estimation in the wild. This task is challenging due to lack of training data, as existing datasets are either in the wild images with 2D pose or in the lab images with 3D pose. We propose a weakly-supervised transfer learning method that uses mixed 2D and 3D labels in a unified deep neutral network that presents two-stage cascaded structure. Our network augments a state-of-the-art 2D pose estimation sub-network with a 3D depth regression sub-network. Unlike previous two stage approaches that train the two sub-networks sequentially and separately, our training is end-to-end and fully exploits the correlation between the 2D pose and depth estimation sub-tasks. The deep features are better learnt through shared representations. In doing so, the 3D pose labels in controlled lab environments are transferred to in the wild images. In addition, we introduce a 3D geometric constraint to regularize the 3D pose prediction, which is effective in the absence of ground truth depth labels. Our method achieves competitive results on both 2D and 3D benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 114 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 42; 2022: 36; 2023: 20; 2024: 9; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 271
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2022MixSTE: Seq2seq Mixed Spatio-Temporal Encoder for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 158
- 2021Graph Stacked Hourglass Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 94
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 88
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2021Direct Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 64
- 2021Camera-Space Hand Mesh Recovery via Semantic Aggregation and Adaptive 2D-1D Registrationcited by 59
- 2021I2UV-HandNet: Image-to-UV Prediction Network for Accurate and High-fidelity 3D Hand Mesh Modelingcited by 52
- 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recoverycited by 48
38 more
- 2021Reconstructing 3D Human Pose by Watching Humans in the Mirrorcited by 47
- 2021Body Meshes as Pointscited by 45
- 2023Animal3D: A Comprehensive Dataset of 3D Animal Pose and Shapecited by 43
- 2021Multi-modal 3D Human Pose Estimation with 2D Weak Supervision in Autonomous Drivingcited by 39
- 2022D&D: Learning Human Dynamics from Dynamic Cameracited by 39
- 2021Context Modeling in 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Unified Perspectivecited by 37
- 2021Regressive Domain Adaptation for Unsupervised Keypoint Detectioncited by 34
- 2021Test-Time Personalization with a Transformer for Human Pose Estimationcited by 33
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidancecited by 29
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 29
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
- 2021KAMA: 3D Keypoint Aware Body Mesh Articulationcited by 27
- 2022Ray3D: ray-based 3D human pose estimation for monocular absolute 3D localizationcited by 25
- 2022Uncertainty-Aware Adaptation for Self-Supervised 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 25
- 2022PoseTriplet: Co-evolving 3D Human Pose Estimation, Imitation, and Hallucination under Self-supervisioncited by 25
- 2021Out-of-Domain Human Mesh Reconstruction via Dynamic Bilevel Online Adaptationcited by 24
- 2021RF-Net: a Unified Meta-learning Framework for RF-enabled One-shot Human Activity Recognitioncited by 24
- 2021PandaNet : Anchor-Based Single-Shot Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 22
- 20222D Human Pose Estimation: A Surveycited by 21
- 2022GraphMLP: A Graph MLP-Like Architecture for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimationcited by 21
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Cameracited by 19
- 2023Pose-Oriented Transformer with Uncertainty-Guided Refinement for 2D-to-3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 19
- 2021Improving Robustness and Accuracy via Relative Information Encoding in 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 18
- 2021HUMBI: A Large Multiview Dataset of Human Body Expressions and Benchmark Challengecited by 17
- 2022Occluded Human Body Capture with Self-Supervised Spatial-Temporal Motion Priorcited by 15
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movementscited by 15
- 2021Weakly-supervised 3D Human Pose Estimation with Cross-view U-shaped Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 13
- 2021Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Single Polarization Imagescited by 13
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
- 2023A Hybrid ANN-SNN Architecture for Low-Power and Low-Latency Visual Perceptioncited by 13
- 2021MetaPose: Fast 3D Pose from Multiple Views without 3D Supervisioncited by 12
- 2022HiFECap: Monocular High-Fidelity and Expressive Capture of Human Performancescited by 12
- 2021Body Size and Depth Disambiguation in Multi-Person Reconstruction from Single Imagescited by 11
- 2021Hierarchical Graph Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 11
- 2023Regular Splitting Graph Network for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 11
- 2021GraFormer: Graph Convolution Transformer for 3D Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2022On Triangulation as a Form of Self-Supervision for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 10
50 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 20262D Pre-Training for 3D Pose Estimation19 Apr 2026
- 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection19 Jan 2026
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Prediction30 Oct 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Monocular 3D Keypoint Discovery from Multi-View Diffusion Priors16 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Pyramid-structured Long-range Dependencies for 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jun 2025
- 2025MoFM: A Large-Scale Human Motion Foundation Model8 Feb 2025
- 2025NanoHTNet: Nano Human Topology Network for Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation27 Jan 2025
- 2024Graph and Skipped Transformer: Exploiting Spatial and Temporal Modeling Capacities for Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jul 2024
- 20243D WholeBody Pose Estimation based on Semantic Graph Attention Network and Distance Information3 Jun 2024
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimators27 May 2024
- 2024Occlusion Handling in 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perturbed Positional Encoding27 May 2024
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movements20 May 2024
38 more
- 2024UPose3D: Uncertainty-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation with Cross-View and Temporal Cues23 Apr 2024
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimation2 Apr 2024
- 2024Occlusion Resilient 3D Human Pose Estimation16 Feb 2024
- 2024Computer Vision for Primate Behavior Analysis in the Wild29 Jan 2024
- 2023Deep Learning Approaches for Seizure Video Analysis: A Review18 Dec 2023
- 2023Improving the Robustness of 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Benchmark and Learning from Noisy Input11 Dec 2023
- 2023RSB-Pose: Robust Short-Baseline Binocular 3D Human Pose Estimation with Occlusion Handling24 Nov 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Animal3D: A Comprehensive Dataset of 3D Animal Pose and Shape22 Aug 2023
- 2023PoseGraphNet++: Enriching 3D Human Pose with Orientation Estimation22 Aug 2023
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation19 Aug 2023
- 2023Body Knowledge and Uncertainty Modeling for Monocular 3D Human Body Reconstruction1 Aug 2023
- 2023Iterative Graph Filtering Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation29 Jul 2023
- 2023Regular Splitting Graph Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation9 May 2023
- 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recovery12 Apr 2023
- 2023Self-supervised 3D Human Pose Estimation from a Single Image5 Apr 2023
- 2023A Hybrid ANN-SNN Architecture for Low-Power and Low-Latency Visual Perception24 Mar 2023
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenes5 Mar 2023
- 2023HopFIR: Hop-wise GraphFormer with Intragroup Joint Refinement for 3D Human Pose Estimation28 Feb 2023
- 2023HTNet: Human Topology Aware Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Feb 2023
- 20233D Human Pose Lifting with Grid Convolution17 Feb 2023
- 2023Pose-Oriented Transformer with Uncertainty-Guided Refinement for 2D-to-3D Human Pose Estimation15 Feb 2023
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Camera12 Jan 2023
- 2023CameraPose: Weakly-Supervised Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation by Leveraging In-the-wild 2D Annotations8 Jan 2023
- 2022Learning to Estimate 3D Human Pose from Point Cloud25 Dec 2022
- 2022Markerless Body Motion Capturing for 3D Character Animation based on Multi-view Cameras12 Dec 2022
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesis8 Dec 2022
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model6 Dec 2022
- 2022AIO-P: Expanding Neural Performance Predictors Beyond Image Classification30 Nov 2022
- 2022Anatomy-guided domain adaptation for 3D in-bed human pose estimation22 Nov 2022
- 2022Weakly-supervised Pre-training for 3D Human Pose Estimation via Perspective Knowledge22 Nov 2022
- 2022HiFECap: Monocular High-Fidelity and Expressive Capture of Human Performances11 Oct 2022
- 2022D&D: Learning Human Dynamics from Dynamic Camera19 Sep 2022
- 2022Optimising 2D Pose Representation: Improve Accuracy, Stability and Generalisability Within Unsupervised 2D-3D Human Pose Estimation1 Sep 2022
- 2022K-Order Graph-oriented Transformer with GraAttention for 3D Pose and Shape Estimation24 Aug 2022
- 2022Jointformer: Single-Frame Lifting Transformer with Error Prediction and Refinement for 3D Human Pose Estimation7 Aug 2022
- 2022Explicit Occlusion Reasoning for Multi-person 3D Human Pose Estimation29 Jul 2022
- 2022VirtualPose: Learning Generalizable 3D Human Pose Models from Virtual Data20 Jul 2022
50 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelcited by 29
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimatorscited by 4
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Predictioncited by 2
- 2025Unsupervised Monocular 3D Keypoint Discovery from Multi-View Diffusion Priorscited by 0
- 2025Sketch2PoseNet: Efficient and Generalized Sketch to 3D Human Pose Prediction30 Oct 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Monocular 3D Keypoint Discovery from Multi-View Diffusion Priors16 Jul 2025
- 2024CHAMP: Conformalized 3D Human Multi-Hypothesis Pose Estimators27 May 2024
- 2022DiffuPose: Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model6 Dec 2022
- 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 271
- 2022MoFusion: A Framework for Denoising-Diffusion-based Motion Synthesiscited by 218
- 2021DanceTrack: Multi-Object Tracking in Uniform Appearance and Diverse Motioncited by 213
- 2022MixSTE: Seq2seq Mixed Spatio-Temporal Encoder for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 158
- 2021Graph Stacked Hourglass Networks for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 94
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 88
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2023Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenescited by 68
- 2021Direct Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 64
- 2021Camera-Space Hand Mesh Recovery via Semantic Aggregation and Adaptive 2D-1D Registrationcited by 59
- 2021I2UV-HandNet: Image-to-UV Prediction Network for Accurate and High-fidelity 3D Hand Mesh Modelingcited by 52
- 2023HybrIK-X: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Whole-body Mesh Recoverycited by 48
12 most cited of 110 All 110 (JSON)
- 20262D Pre-Training for 3D Pose Estimation19 Apr 2026
- 2026Supervision-by-Hallucination-and-Transfer: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Robust and Precise Facial Landmark Detection19 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning Pyramid-structured Long-range Dependencies for 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jun 2025
- 2025MoFM: A Large-Scale Human Motion Foundation Model8 Feb 2025
- 2025NanoHTNet: Nano Human Topology Network for Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation27 Jan 2025
- 2024Graph and Skipped Transformer: Exploiting Spatial and Temporal Modeling Capacities for Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation3 Jul 2024
- 20243D WholeBody Pose Estimation based on Semantic Graph Attention Network and Distance Information3 Jun 2024
- 2024Occlusion Handling in 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perturbed Positional Encoding27 May 2024
- 2024AutoSoccerPose: Automated 3D posture Analysis of Soccer Shot Movements20 May 2024
- 2024UPose3D: Uncertainty-Aware 3D Human Pose Estimation with Cross-View and Temporal Cues23 Apr 2024
- 2024SelfPose3d: Self-Supervised Multi-Person Multi-View 3d Pose Estimation2 Apr 2024
- 2024Occlusion Resilient 3D Human Pose Estimation16 Feb 2024
12 newest of 110 All 110 (JSON)