VNect: Real-time 3D Human Pose Estimation with a Single RGB Camera
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present the first real-time method to capture the full global 3D skeletal pose of a human in a stable, temporally consistent manner using a single RGB camera. Our method combines a new convolutional neural network (CNN) based pose regressor with kinematic skeleton fitting. Our novel fully-convolutional pose formulation regresses 2D and 3D joint positions jointly in real time and does not require tightly cropped input frames. A real-time kinematic skeleton fitting method uses the CNN output to yield temporally stable 3D global pose reconstructions on the basis of a coherent kinematic skeleton. This makes our approach the first monocular RGB method usable in real-time applications such as 3D character control---thus far, the only monocular methods for such applications employed specialized RGB-D cameras. Our method's accuracy is quantitatively on par with the best offline 3D monocular RGB pose estimation methods. Our results are qualitatively comparable to, and sometimes better than, results from monocular RGB-D approaches, such as the Kinect. However, we show that our approach is more broadly applicable than RGB-D solutions, i.e. it works for outdoor scenes, community videos, and low quality commodity RGB cameras.
Key facts. Cited by 129 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 May 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2019: 1; 2020: 0; 2021: 46; 2022: 33; 2023: 38; 2024: 8; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
129 papers.
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- 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 272
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
- 2022MixSTE: Seq2seq Mixed Spatio-Temporal Encoder for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 159
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 152
- 2021Putting People in their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depthcited by 141
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physicscited by 101
- 2023EMDB: The Electromagnetic Database of Global 3D Human Pose and Shape in the Wildcited by 95
- 2022Ego-Body Pose Estimation via Ego-Head Pose Estimationcited by 93
- 2022InterCap: Joint Markerless 3D Tracking of Humans and Objects in Interactioncited by 91
- 2023PoseFormerV2: Exploring Frequency Domain for Efficient and Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 91
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 88
38 more
- 2023RelPose++: Recovering 6D Poses from Sparse-view Observationscited by 87
- 2022P-STMO: Pre-Trained Spatial Temporal Many-to-One Model for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 80
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2021Direct Multi-view Multi-person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 64
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
- 2021Learning Skeletal Graph Neural Networks for Hard 3D Pose Estimationcited by 62
- 2023MotionAGFormer: Enhancing 3D Human Pose Estimation with a Transformer-GCNFormer Networkcited by 62
- 2021Subdivision-Based Mesh Convolution Networkscited by 60
- 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fieldscited by 57
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimationcited by 55
- 2023DECO: Dense Estimation of 3D Human-Scene Contact In The Wildcited by 54
- 2021Conditional Directed Graph Convolution for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 52
- 2023IMUPoser: Full-Body Pose Estimation using IMUs in Phones, Watches, and Earbudscited by 52
- 2021THUNDR: Transformer-based 3D HUmaN Reconstruction with Markerscited by 50
- 2021Body Meshes as Pointscited by 45
- 2019Imitation Learning for Human Pose Predictioncited by 44
- 2021NeuralHumanFVV: Real-Time Neural Volumetric Human Performance Rendering using RGB Camerascited by 40
- 2022Differentiable Dynamics for Articulated 3d Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 39
- 2022Rhythmic Gesticulator: Rhythm-Aware Co-Speech Gesture Synthesis with Hierarchical Neural Embeddingscited by 38
- 2021Context Modeling in 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Unified Perspectivecited by 37
- 2021ElePose: Unsupervised 3D Human Pose Estimation by Predicting Camera Elevation and Learning Normalizing Flows on 2D Posescited by 35
- 2021Task-Generic Hierarchical Human Motion Prior using VAEscited by 33
- 2022LiDARCap: Long-range Marker-less 3D Human Motion Capture with LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 33
- 2022Uplift and Upsample: Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation with Uplifting Transformerscited by 33
- 2023PACE: Human and Camera Motion Estimation from in-the-wild Videoscited by 33
- 2021TransFusion: Cross-view Fusion with Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2021AdaptPose: Cross-Dataset Adaptation for 3D Human Pose Estimation by Learnable Motion Generationcited by 32
- 2021Gravity-Aware Monocular 3D Human-Object Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2021HUMAN4D: A Human-Centric Multimodal Dataset for Motions and Immersive Mediacited by 29
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidancecited by 29
- 2021KAMA: 3D Keypoint Aware Body Mesh Articulationcited by 27
- 2021ChallenCap: Monocular 3D Capture of Challenging Human Performances using Multi-Modal Referencescited by 26
- 2021RobustFusion: Robust Volumetric Performance Reconstruction under Human-object Interactions from Monocular RGBD Streamcited by 26
- 2022Uncertainty-Aware Adaptation for Self-Supervised 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 25
- 2022Unbiased 4D: Monocular 4D Reconstruction with a Neural Deformation Modelcited by 25
- 2021Shape-aware Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Multi-View Imagescited by 24
- 2021Out-of-Domain Human Mesh Reconstruction via Dynamic Bilevel Online Adaptationcited by 24
- 2023Back to Optimization: Diffusion-based Zero-Shot 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 24
50 most cited of 129 All 129 (JSON)
- 2026Dual-stream Spatio-Temporal GCN-Transformer Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Apr 2026
- 2025KASportsFormer: Kinematic Anatomy Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation on Short Sports Scene Video28 Jul 2025
- 2025HDiffTG: A Lightweight Hybrid Diffusion-Transformer-GCN Architecture for 3D Human Pose Estimation7 May 2025
- 2024Generalizable Single-view Object Pose Estimation by Two-side Generating and Matching24 Nov 2024
- 2024Personalization of Wearable Sensor-Based Joint Kinematic Estimation Using Computer Vision for Hip Exoskeleton Applications22 Nov 2024
- 2024Social EgoMesh Estimation7 Nov 2024
- 2024ELMO: Enhanced Real-time LiDAR Motion Capture through Upsampling9 Oct 2024
- 2024PACER+: On-Demand Pedestrian Animation Controller in Driving Scenarios30 Apr 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation in Human-Centric Vision13 Mar 2024
- 2024Extreme Two-View Geometry From Object Poses with Diffusion Models5 Feb 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Pose Refinement and Muti-hypothesis Generation for 3D Human Pose Estimaiton10 Jan 2024
- 2023Improving the Robustness of 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Benchmark and Learning from Noisy Input11 Dec 2023
38 more
- 2023A Single 2D Pose with Context is Worth Hundreds for 3D Human Pose Estimation6 Nov 2023
- 2023MotionAGFormer: Enhancing 3D Human Pose Estimation with a Transformer-GCNFormer Network25 Oct 2023
- 2023PACE: Human and Camera Motion Estimation from in-the-wild Videos20 Oct 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023A webcam-based machine learning approach for three-dimensional range of motion evaluation11 Oct 2023
- 2023Augmenting Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation with Rotation Matrix9 Oct 2023
- 2023Drivable Avatar Clothing: Faithful Full-Body Telepresence with Dynamic Clothing Driven by Sparse RGB-D Input9 Oct 2023
- 2023DECO: Dense Estimation of 3D Human-Scene Contact In The Wild26 Sep 2023
- 2023ORTexME: Occlusion-Robust Human Shape and Pose via Temporal Average Texture and Mesh Encoding21 Sep 2023
- 2023Understanding Pose and Appearance Disentanglement in 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Sep 2023
- 2023MOVIN: Real-time Motion Capture using a Single LiDAR17 Sep 2023
- 2023Mirror-Aware Neural Humans9 Sep 2023
- 2023DiffHPE: Robust, Coherent 3D Human Pose Lifting with Diffusion4 Sep 2023
- 2023EMDB: The Electromagnetic Database of Global 3D Human Pose and Shape in the Wild31 Aug 2023
- 2023Utilizing Task-Generic Motion Prior to Recover Full-Body Motion from Very Sparse Signals30 Aug 2023
- 2023Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Survey26 Aug 2023
- 2023Physics-Guided Human Motion Capture with Pose Probability Modeling19 Aug 2023
- 2023PoSynDA: Multi-Hypothesis Pose Synthesis Domain Adaptation for Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation18 Aug 2023
- 2023Double-chain Constraints for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Images and Videos10 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning from Abstract Images: on the Importance of Occlusion in a Minimalist Encoding of Human Poses19 Jul 2023
- 2023Back to Optimization: Diffusion-based Zero-Shot 3D Human Pose Estimation7 Jul 2023
- 2023GraMMaR: Ground-aware Motion Model for 3D Human Motion Reconstruction29 Jun 2023
- 2023EVOPOSE: A Recursive Transformer For 3D Human Pose Estimation With Kinematic Structure Priors16 Jun 2023
- 2023A Task-driven Network for Mesh Classification and Semantic Part Segmentation8 Jun 2023
- 2023XFormer: Fast and Accurate Monocular 3D Body Capture18 May 2023
- 2023RelPose++: Recovering 6D Poses from Sparse-view Observations8 May 2023
- 2023IMUPoser: Full-Body Pose Estimation using IMUs in Phones, Watches, and Earbuds25 Apr 2023
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physics31 Mar 2023
- 2023PoseFormerV2: Exploring Frequency Domain for Efficient and Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation30 Mar 2023
- 2023Human from Blur: Human Pose Tracking from Blurry Images30 Mar 2023
- 2023Global Adaptation meets Local Generalization: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Human Pose Estimation29 Mar 2023
- 2023A Hybrid ANN-SNN Architecture for Low-Power and Low-Latency Visual Perception24 Mar 2023
- 2023Active Coarse-to-Fine Segmentation of Moveable Parts from Real Images21 Mar 2023
- 20233D Human Pose Lifting with Grid Convolution17 Feb 2023
- 2023HSTFormer: Hierarchical Spatial-Temporal Transformers for 3D Human Pose Estimation18 Jan 2023
- 2023Towards Single Camera Human 3D-Kinematics13 Jan 2023
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Camera12 Jan 2023
- 2022GFPose: Learning 3D Human Pose Prior with Gradient Fields16 Dec 2022
50 newest of 129 All 129 (JSON)
- 2021Online Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Pose Estimationcited by 55
- 2019Imitation Learning for Human Pose Predictioncited by 44
- 2019Imitation Learning for Human Pose Prediction8 Sep 2019
- 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 272
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2021FrankMocap: A Monocular 3D Whole-Body Pose Estimation System via Regression and Integrationcited by 168
- 2022MixSTE: Seq2seq Mixed Spatio-Temporal Encoder for 3D Human Pose Estimation in Videocited by 159
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 152
- 2021Putting People in their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depthcited by 141
- 20233D Human Pose Estimation via Intuitive Physicscited by 101
- 2023EMDB: The Electromagnetic Database of Global 3D Human Pose and Shape in the Wildcited by 95
- 2022Ego-Body Pose Estimation via Ego-Head Pose Estimationcited by 93
- 2022InterCap: Joint Markerless 3D Tracking of Humans and Objects in Interactioncited by 91
- 2023PoseFormerV2: Exploring Frequency Domain for Efficient and Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 91
- 2021PoseAug: A Differentiable Pose Augmentation Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 88
12 most cited of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2026Dual-stream Spatio-Temporal GCN-Transformer Network for 3D Human Pose Estimation20 Apr 2026
- 2025KASportsFormer: Kinematic Anatomy Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation on Short Sports Scene Video28 Jul 2025
- 2024Generalizable Single-view Object Pose Estimation by Two-side Generating and Matching24 Nov 2024
- 2024Personalization of Wearable Sensor-Based Joint Kinematic Estimation Using Computer Vision for Hip Exoskeleton Applications22 Nov 2024
- 2024Social EgoMesh Estimation7 Nov 2024
- 2024ELMO: Enhanced Real-time LiDAR Motion Capture through Upsampling9 Oct 2024
- 2024PACER+: On-Demand Pedestrian Animation Controller in Driving Scenarios30 Apr 2024
- 2024Data Augmentation in Human-Centric Vision13 Mar 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Pose Refinement and Muti-hypothesis Generation for 3D Human Pose Estimaiton10 Jan 2024
- 2023Improving the Robustness of 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Benchmark and Learning from Noisy Input11 Dec 2023
- 2023A Single 2D Pose with Context is Worth Hundreds for 3D Human Pose Estimation6 Nov 2023
- 2023MotionAGFormer: Enhancing 3D Human Pose Estimation with a Transformer-GCNFormer Network25 Oct 2023
12 newest of 124 All 124 (JSON)