XNect: Real-time Multi-Person 3D Motion Capture with a Single RGB Camera
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a real-time approach for multi-person 3D motion capture at over 30 fps using a single RGB camera. It operates successfully in generic scenes which may contain occlusions by objects and by other people. Our method operates in subsequent stages. The first stage is a convolutional neural network (CNN) that estimates 2D and 3D pose features along with identity assignments for all visible joints of all individuals.We contribute a new architecture for this CNN, called SelecSLS Net, that uses novel selective long and short range skip connections to improve the information flow allowing for a drastically faster network without compromising accuracy. In the second stage, a fully connected neural network turns the possibly partial (on account of occlusion) 2Dpose and 3Dpose features for each subject into a complete 3Dpose estimate per individual. The third stage applies space-time skeletal model fitting to the predicted 2D and 3D pose per subject to further reconcile the 2D and 3D pose, and enforce temporal coherence. Our method returns the full skeletal pose in joint angles for each subject. This is a further key distinction from previous work that do not produce joint angle results of a coherent skeleton in real time for multi-person scenes. The proposed system runs on consumer hardware at a previously unseen speed of more than 30 fps given 512x320 images as input while achieving state-of-the-art accuracy, which we will demonstrate on a range of challenging real-world scenes.
Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 28; 2022: 20; 2023: 16; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
68 papers.
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- 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 151
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
- 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 115
- 2021Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Videocited by 98
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2021On Self-Contact and Human Posecited by 88
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2021DeepMultiCap: Performance Capture of Multiple Characters Using Sparse Multiview Camerascited by 67
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
38 more
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recoverycited by 63
- 2022Harmonizing the object recognition strategies of deep neural networks with humanscited by 59
- 2022The Lie Derivative for Measuring Learned Equivariancecited by 51
- 2021Live Speech Portraits: Real-Time Photorealistic Talking-Head Animationcited by 36
- 2021ElePose: Unsupervised 3D Human Pose Estimation by Predicting Camera Elevation and Learning Normalizing Flows on 2D Posescited by 35
- 2022Uplift and Upsample: Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation with Uplifting Transformerscited by 33
- 2023PACE: Human and Camera Motion Estimation from in-the-wild Videoscited by 33
- 2021Lightweight Multi-person Total Motion Capture Using Sparse Multi-view Camerascited by 32
- 2021Gravity-Aware Monocular 3D Human-Object Reconstructioncited by 30
- 2021AcinoSet: A 3D Pose Estimation Dataset and Baseline Models for Cheetahs in the Wildcited by 29
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidancecited by 29
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 28
- 2021TransPose: Real-time 3D Human Translation and Pose Estimation with Six Inertial Sensorscited by 24
- 2022FLAG3D: A 3D Fitness Activity Dataset with Language Instructioncited by 23
- 2021Learning Compositional Representation for 4D Captures with Neural ODEcited by 22
- 2021Tracking People with 3D Representationscited by 22
- 2022CNN Filter DB: An Empirical Investigation of Trained Convolutional Filterscited by 20
- 2021Revitalizing Optimization for 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation: A Sparse Constrained Formulationcited by 19
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Cameracited by 19
- 2022MoCapDeform: Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture in Deformable Scenescited by 18
- 2023Performance-optimized deep neural networks are evolving into worse models of inferotemporal visual cortexcited by 18
- 2023Reconstructing Groups of People with Hypergraph Relational Reasoningcited by 18
- 2021Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation by Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Networkscited by 16
- 2021Fusion-GCN: Multimodal Action Recognition using Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 15
- 2022PoseBERT: A Generic Transformer Module for Temporal 3D Human Modelingcited by 15
- 2021Multi-person Implicit Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 13
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Videocited by 13
- 2023Crowd3D: Towards Hundreds of People Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 12
- 2021FLEX: Extrinsic Parameters-free Multi-view 3D Human Motion Reconstructioncited by 11
- 2021Unsupervised 3D Pose Estimation for Hierarchical Dance Video Recognitioncited by 9
- 2022Distribution-Aware Single-Stage Models for Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimationcited by 9
- 2023PointHPS: Cascaded 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2021Deep Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation via Cascaded Dimension-Liftingcited by 8
- 2023Adversarial alignment: Breaking the trade-off between the strength of an attack and its relevance to human perceptioncited by 7
- 2024Reconstructing Close Human Interactions from Multiple Viewscited by 7
- 2022NIMBLE: A Non-rigid Hand Model with Bones and Musclescited by 6
- 2022Snipper: A Spatiotemporal Transformer for Simultaneous Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation Tracking and Forecasting on a Video Snippetcited by 6
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 6
50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2025Shape-from-Template with Generalised Camera19 Aug 2025
- 2025KASportsFormer: Kinematic Anatomy Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation on Short Sports Scene Video28 Jul 2025
- 2024Reconstructing Close Human Interactions from Multiple Views29 Jan 2024
- 2024Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation from Multi-View Uncalibrated Depth Cameras28 Jan 2024
- 2023PACE: Human and Camera Motion Estimation from in-the-wild Videos20 Oct 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Reconstructing Groups of People with Hypergraph Relational Reasoning30 Aug 2023
- 2023PointHPS: Cascaded 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Point Clouds28 Aug 2023
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation19 Aug 2023
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Survey20 Jul 2023
- 2023GraMMaR: Ground-aware Motion Model for 3D Human Motion Reconstruction29 Jun 2023
- 2023Performance-optimized deep neural networks are evolving into worse models of inferotemporal visual cortex6 Jun 2023
38 more
- 2023Adversarial alignment: Breaking the trade-off between the strength of an attack and its relevance to human perception5 Jun 2023
- 2023XFormer: Fast and Accurate Monocular 3D Body Capture18 May 2023
- 2023Human from Blur: Human Pose Tracking from Blurry Images30 Mar 2023
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wild24 Feb 2023
- 2023Capsules as viewpoint learners for human pose estimation13 Feb 2023
- 2023Out of Distribution Performance of State of Art Vision Model25 Jan 2023
- 2023Crowd3D: Towards Hundreds of People Reconstruction from a Single Image23 Jan 2023
- 2023Scene-Aware 3D Multi-Human Motion Capture from a Single Camera12 Jan 2023
- 2022Multi-person 3D pose estimation from unlabelled data16 Dec 2022
- 2022FLAG3D: A 3D Fitness Activity Dataset with Language Instruction9 Dec 2022
- 2022Harmonizing the object recognition strategies of deep neural networks with humans8 Nov 2022
- 2022Uplift and Upsample: Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation with Uplifting Transformers12 Oct 2022
- 2022The Lie Derivative for Measuring Learned Equivariance6 Oct 2022
- 2022PoseBERT: A Generic Transformer Module for Temporal 3D Human Modeling22 Aug 2022
- 2022MoCapDeform: Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture in Deformable Scenes17 Aug 2022
- 2022Mutual Adaptive Reasoning for Monocular 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation16 Jul 2022
- 2022Snipper: A Spatiotemporal Transformer for Simultaneous Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation Tracking and Forecasting on a Video Snippet9 Jul 2022
- 2022Szloca: towards a framework for full 3D tracking through a single camera in context of interactive arts26 Jun 2022
- 2022HULC: 3D Human Motion Capture with Pose Manifold Sampling and Dense Contact Guidance11 May 2022
- 2022Dual networks based 3D Multi-Person Pose Estimation from Monocular Video2 May 2022
- 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modeling28 Apr 2022
- 2022PedRecNet: Multi-task deep neural network for full 3D human pose and orientation estimation25 Apr 2022
- 2022Integrated In-vehicle Monitoring System Using 3D Human Pose Estimation and Seat Belt Segmentation17 Apr 2022
- 2022Permutation-Invariant Relational Network for Multi-person 3D Pose Estimation11 Apr 2022
- 2022CNN Filter DB: An Empirical Investigation of Trained Convolutional Filters29 Mar 2022
- 2022Distribution-Aware Single-Stage Models for Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation15 Mar 2022
- 2022Real-Time Hybrid Mapping of Populated Indoor Scenes using a Low-Cost Monocular UAV4 Mar 2022
- 2022NIMBLE: A Non-rigid Hand Model with Bones and Muscles9 Feb 2022
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videos27 Dec 2021
- 2021Bottom-up approaches for multi-person pose estimation and it's applications: A brief review22 Dec 2021
- 2021ElePose: Unsupervised 3D Human Pose Estimation by Predicting Camera Elevation and Learning Normalizing Flows on 2D Poses14 Dec 2021
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Cameras2 Dec 2021
- 2021Tracking People with 3D Representations15 Nov 2021
- 2021Playing for 3D Human Recovery14 Oct 2021
- 2021Fusion-GCN: Multimodal Action Recognition using Graph Convolutional Networks27 Sep 2021
- 2021Live Speech Portraits: Real-Time Photorealistic Talking-Head Animation22 Sep 2021
- 2021Unsupervised 3D Pose Estimation for Hierarchical Dance Video Recognition19 Sep 2021
- 2021Lightweight Multi-person Total Motion Capture Using Sparse Multi-view Cameras23 Aug 2021
50 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2021HuMoR: 3D Human Motion Model for Robust Pose Estimationcited by 319
- 2021A-NeRF: Articulated Neural Radiance Fields for Learning Human Shape, Appearance, and Posecited by 233
- 2021GLAMR: Global Occlusion-Aware Human Mesh Recovery with Dynamic Camerascited by 151
- 2023Decoupling Human and Camera Motion from Videos in the Wildcited by 140
- 2022HuMMan: Multi-Modal 4D Human Dataset for Versatile Sensing and Modelingcited by 115
- 2021Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Videocited by 98
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2021On Self-Contact and Human Posecited by 88
- 2021Neural Monocular 3D Human Motion Capture with Physical Awarenesscited by 70
- 2021DeepMultiCap: Performance Capture of Multiple Characters Using Sparse Multiview Camerascited by 67
- 2021Learning to Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh from In-the-Wild Crowded Scenescited by 64
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
12 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2025Shape-from-Template with Generalised Camera19 Aug 2025
- 2025KASportsFormer: Kinematic Anatomy Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation on Short Sports Scene Video28 Jul 2025
- 2024Reconstructing Close Human Interactions from Multiple Views29 Jan 2024
- 2024Multi-Person 3D Pose Estimation from Multi-View Uncalibrated Depth Cameras28 Jan 2024
- 2023PACE: Human and Camera Motion Estimation from in-the-wild Videos20 Oct 2023
- 2023Human Pose-based Estimation, Tracking and Action Recognition with Deep Learning: A Survey19 Oct 2023
- 2023Reconstructing Groups of People with Hypergraph Relational Reasoning30 Aug 2023
- 2023PointHPS: Cascaded 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation from Point Clouds28 Aug 2023
- 20233D-Aware Neural Body Fitting for Occlusion Robust 3D Human Pose Estimation19 Aug 2023
- 2023Human Motion Generation: A Survey20 Jul 2023
- 2023GraMMaR: Ground-aware Motion Model for 3D Human Motion Reconstruction29 Jun 2023
- 2023Performance-optimized deep neural networks are evolving into worse models of inferotemporal visual cortex6 Jun 2023
12 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)