mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields

arXiv 1611.08050 ↗First posted 24 Nov 2016cs.CVcited by 1,061

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Cited by 94 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We present an approach to efficiently detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image. The approach uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image. The architecture encodes global context, allowing a greedy bottom-up parsing step that maintains high accuracy while achieving realtime performance, irrespective of the number of people in the image. The architecture is designed to jointly learn part locations and their association via two branches of the same sequential prediction process. Our method placed first in the inaugural COCO 2016 keypoints challenge, and significantly exceeds the previous state-of-the-art result on the MPII Multi-Person benchmark, both in performance and efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 1,061 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Nov 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2019: 2; 2020: 0; 2021: 203; 2022: 191; 2023: 218; 2024: 236; 2025: 148; 2026: 63.

1,061 papers.

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  1. 2022Tune-A-Video: One-Shot Tuning of Image Diffusion Models for Text-to-Video Generationcited by 958
  2. 2023Animate Anyone: Consistent and Controllable Image-to-Video Synthesis for Character Animationcited by 683
  3. 2023Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Modelscited by 659
  4. 2021Bottleneck Transformers for Visual Recognitioncited by 364
  5. 2023Uni-ControlNet: All-in-One Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 358
  6. 2023MagicAnimate: Temporally Consistent Human Image Animation using Diffusion Modelcited by 330
  7. 2023Effective Whole-body Pose Estimation with Two-stages Distillationcited by 307
  8. 2021VITON-HD: High-Resolution Virtual Try-On via Misalignment-Aware Normalizationcited by 287
  9. 20213D Human Pose Estimation with Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 271
  10. 2024Champ: Controllable and Consistent Human Image Animation with 3D Parametric Guidancecited by 271
  11. 2021Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 256
  12. 2021Motion Representations for Articulated Animationcited by 253
38 more
  1. 2024Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Modelscited by 229
  2. 2023Motion-X: A Large-scale 3D Expressive Whole-body Human Motion Datasetcited by 220
  3. 2022Thin-Plate Spline Motion Model for Image Animationcited by 209
  4. 2023A Survey on Video Diffusion Modelscited by 203
  5. 2023A Survey on Deep Neural Network Pruning-Taxonomy, Comparison, Analysis, and Recommendationscited by 200
  6. 2022AlphaPose: Whole-Body Regional Multi-Person Pose Estimation and Tracking in Real-Timecited by 199
  7. 2023UniControl: A Unified Diffusion Model for Controllable Visual Generation In the Wildcited by 197
  8. 2022MotionBERT: A Unified Perspective on Learning Human Motion Representationscited by 188
  9. 2022Generating Holistic 3D Human Motion from Speechcited by 180
  10. 2023RTMPose: Real-Time Multi-Person Pose Estimation based on MMPosecited by 170
  11. 2022Dress Code: High-Resolution Multi-Category Virtual Try-Oncited by 161
  12. 2024DragAnything: Motion Control for Anything using Entity Representationcited by 159
  13. 2022The Unsurprising Effectiveness of Pre-Trained Vision Models for Controlcited by 155
  14. 2022A Unified Sequence Interface for Vision Taskscited by 152
  15. 2024OOTDiffusion: Outfitting Fusion based Latent Diffusion for Controllable Virtual Try-oncited by 150
  16. 2022StyleGAN-Human: A Data-Centric Odyssey of Human Generationcited by 143
  17. 2023DisCo: Disentangled Control for Realistic Human Dance Generationcited by 141
  18. 2021ContactOpt: Optimizing Contact to Improve Graspscited by 137
  19. 2021Human Pose Regression with Residual Log-likelihood Estimationcited by 131
  20. 2023Space-Time Diffusion Features for Zero-Shot Text-Driven Motion Transfercited by 124
  21. 2024WiLoR: End-to-end 3D Hand Localization and Reconstruction in-the-wildcited by 117
  22. 2023MagicPose: Realistic Human Poses and Facial Expressions Retargeting with Identity-aware Diffusioncited by 115
  23. 2021Bottom-Up Human Pose Estimation Via Disentangled Keypoint Regressioncited by 112
  24. 2021SimPoE: Simulated Character Control for 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 111
  25. 2021Audio2Gestures: Generating Diverse Gestures from Speech Audio with Conditional Variational Autoencoderscited by 109
  26. 2022Person Image Synthesis via Denoising Diffusion Modelcited by 104
  27. 2023HumanSD: A Native Skeleton-Guided Diffusion Model for Human Image Generationcited by 104
  28. 2023Advancing Pose-Guided Image Synthesis with Progressive Conditional Diffusion Modelscited by 104
  29. 2024IMAGDressing-v1: Customizable Virtual Dressingcited by 100
  30. 2021Pose Recognition with Cascade Transformerscited by 99
  31. 2022Not All Tokens Are Equal: Human-centric Visual Analysis via Token Clustering Transformercited by 99
  32. 2021Learning Speech-driven 3D Conversational Gestures from Videocited by 98
  33. 2023Human Motion Generation: A Surveycited by 95
  34. 2023EMDB: The Electromagnetic Database of Global 3D Human Pose and Shape in the Wildcited by 95
  35. 2019Recent Advances in Imitation Learning from Observationcited by 92
  36. 2023FreeControl: Training-Free Spatial Control of Any Text-to-Image Diffusion Model with Any Conditioncited by 89
  37. 2022Style-Based Global Appearance Flow for Virtual Try-Oncited by 88
  38. 2021Constructing Stronger and Faster Baselines for Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 87

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