GS^3: Efficient Relighting with Triple Gaussian Splatting
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a spatial and angular Gaussian based representation and a triple splatting process, for real-time, high-quality novel lighting-and-view synthesis from multi-view point-lit input images. To describe complex appearance, we employ a Lambertian plus a mixture of angular Gaussians as an effective reflectance function for each spatial Gaussian. To generate self-shadow, we splat all spatial Gaussians towards the light source to obtain shadow values, which are further refined by a small multi-layer perceptron. To compensate for other effects like global illumination, another network is trained to compute and add a per-spatial-Gaussian RGB tuple. The effectiveness of our representation is demonstrated on 30 samples with a wide variation in geometry (from solid to fluffy) and appearance (from translucent to anisotropic), as well as using different forms of input data, including rendered images of synthetic/reconstructed objects, photographs captured with a handheld camera and a flash, or from a professional lightstage. We achieve a training time of 40-70 minutes and a rendering speed of 90 fps on a single commodity GPU. Our results compare favorably with state-of-the-art techniques in terms of quality/performance. Our code and data are publicly available at https://GSrelight.github.io/.
Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Oct 2024.
Builds on
23 of 53 references.
References · 23
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
- 20233D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Renderingcited by 6,226
- 2020NeRV: Neural Reflectance and Visibility Fields for Relighting and View Synthesiscited by 496
- 2020NeRD: Neural Reflectance Decomposition from Image Collectionscited by 449
- 2021Extracting Triangular 3D Models, Materials, and Lighting From Imagescited by 366
- 2021Advances in Neural Renderingcited by 365
- 2021PhySG: Inverse Rendering with Spherical Gaussians for Physics-based Material Editing and Relightingcited by 335
- 2023GS-IR: 3D Gaussian Splatting for Inverse Renderingcited by 224
- 2020Neural Reflectance Fields for Appearance Acquisitioncited by 196
- 2021NeRFactor: Neural Factorization of Shape and Reflectance Under an Unknown Illuminationcited by 135
- 20243D Gaussian as a New Era: A Surveycited by 104
- 2024DiLightNet: Fine-grained Lighting Control for Diffusion-based Image Generationcited by 93
11 more
- 2023GIR: 3D Gaussian Inverse Rendering for Relightable Scene Factorizationcited by 87
- 20243D Gaussian Splatting with Deferred Reflectioncited by 63
- 2021Free-viewpoint Indoor Neural Relighting from Multi-view Stereocited by 50
- 2024GaussianHair: Hair Modeling and Rendering with Light-aware Gaussianscited by 48
- 2023Relighting Neural Radiance Fields with Shadow and Highlight Hintscited by 42
- 2022Neural Radiance Transfer Fields for Relightable Novel-view Synthesis with Global Illuminationcited by 41
- 2021NeLF: Neural Light-transport Field for Portrait View Synthesis and Relightingcited by 38
- 2024A Diffusion Approach to Radiance Field Relighting using Multi-Illumination Synthesiscited by 37
- 2023NeMF: Inverse Volume Rendering with Neural Microflake Fieldcited by 34
- 2023Gaussian Splatting with NeRF-based Color and Opacitycited by 30
- 2023Learning Object-Centric Neural Scattering Functions for Free-Viewpoint Relighting and Scene Compositioncited by 17
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 22; 2026: 17.
44 papers.
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- 2024EnvGS: Modeling View-Dependent Appearance with Environment Gaussiancited by 35
- 2025GaRe: Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scenes from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 11
- 2026LuxRemix: Lighting Decomposition and Remixing for Indoor Scenescited by 9
- 2024ARM: Appearance Reconstruction Model for Relightable 3D Generationcited by 7
- 2025GroomLight: Hybrid Inverse Rendering for Relightable Human Hair Appearance Modelingcited by 7
- 2025Digital Twin Generation from Visual Data: A Surveycited by 7
- 2025HumanOLAT: A Large-Scale Dataset for Full-Body Human Relighting and Novel-View Synthesiscited by 7
- 2025Splat the Net: Radiance Fields with Splattable Neural Primitivescited by 7
- 2024Differentiable Inverse Rendering with Interpretable Basis BRDFscited by 6
- 2025MVInverse: Feed-forward Multi-view Inverse Rendering in Secondscited by 6
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenescited by 5
- 2025OLATverse: A Large-scale Real-world Object Dataset with Precise Lighting Controlcited by 5
32 more
- 2025NeAR: Coupled Neural Asset-Renderer Stackcited by 5
- 2024PR-ENDO: Physically Based Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Endoscopycited by 4
- 2025A Real-world Display Inverse Rendering Datasetcited by 4
- 2025Differentiable Light Transport with Gaussian Surfels via Adapted Radiosity for Efficient Relighting and Geometry Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2024Monocular Facial Appearance Capture in the Wildcited by 2
- 2025Real-time Global Illumination for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Scenescited by 2
- 2025GOGS: High-Fidelity Geometry and Relighting for Glossy Objects via Gaussian Surfelscited by 2
- 2025ROSGS: Relightable Outdoor Scenes With Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
- 2025Training-Free Multi-View Extension of IC-Light for Textual Position-Aware Scene Relightingcited by 2
- 2025Improved 3D Gaussian Splatting of Unknown Spacecraft Structure Using Space Environment Illumination Knowledgecited by 2
- 2026Radiometrically Consistent Gaussian Surfels for Inverse Renderingcited by 2
- 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025Yesnt: Are Diffusion Relighting Models Ready for Capture Stage Compositing? A Hybrid Alternative to Bridge the Gapcited by 1
- 2026Stochastic Ray Tracing for the Reconstruction of 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2026LumiMotion: Improving Gaussian Relighting with Scene Dynamicscited by 1
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topologycited by 1
- 2025Image-Conditioned 3D Gaussian Splat Quantizationcited by 0
- 2025GS-2M: Material-aware Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Mesh Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2025HybridSplat: Fast Reflection-baked Gaussian Tracing using Hybrid Splattingcited by 0
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracingcited by 0
- 2026Animated 3DGS Avatars in Diverse Scenes with Consistent Lighting and Shadowscited by 0
- 2026The Role of Initialization in 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 0
- 2026Differentiable Adaptive 4D Structured Illumination for Joint Capture of Shape and Reflectancecited by 0
- 2026Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Production Using Image-Based Illuminationcited by 0
- 2026Learning View-Dependent Splatting Kernelscited by 0
- 2026Ambient-robust Inverse Rendering using Active RGB-NIR Imagingcited by 0
- 2026TRON: Tracing Rays to Orchestrate a Neural Renderer for 3D Gaussian Reconstructionscited by 0
- 2026From Sparse and Imperfect 2D Anchors to Consistent 3D Gaussian Street Scenes: Support-Aware Appearancecited by 0
- 2026RAGA: Real Time Ray Traced Gaussian Shadow Casting for 3DGS Avatar-Scene Interactioncited by 0
- 2026LightCrafter: PBR-Conditioned Video Diffusion Refinement for Controllable and Consistent Relightingcited by 0
- 2026VolS-GS: Relightable Gaussian Splatting with Volumetric Subsurface Scatteringcited by 0
- 2026Casual Flash Lighting for Gaussian Splat Inverse Renderingcited by 0
- 2026Casual Flash Lighting for Gaussian Splat Inverse Rendering5 Oct 2026
- 2026VolS-GS: Relightable Gaussian Splatting with Volumetric Subsurface Scattering2 Oct 2026
- 2026LightCrafter: PBR-Conditioned Video Diffusion Refinement for Controllable and Consistent Relighting9 Jul 2026
- 2026RAGA: Real Time Ray Traced Gaussian Shadow Casting for 3DGS Avatar-Scene Interaction28 Jun 2026
- 2026From Sparse and Imperfect 2D Anchors to Consistent 3D Gaussian Street Scenes: Support-Aware Appearance24 Jun 2026
- 2026TRON: Tracing Rays to Orchestrate a Neural Renderer for 3D Gaussian Reconstructions9 Jun 2026
- 2026Ambient-robust Inverse Rendering using Active RGB-NIR Imaging28 May 2026
- 2026Learning View-Dependent Splatting Kernels25 May 2026
- 2026Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Production Using Image-Based Illumination9 May 2026
- 2026Differentiable Adaptive 4D Structured Illumination for Joint Capture of Shape and Reflectance7 May 2026
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topology6 May 2026
- 2026LumiMotion: Improving Gaussian Relighting with Scene Dynamics13 Apr 2026
32 more
- 2026Stochastic Ray Tracing for the Reconstruction of 3D Gaussian Splatting24 Mar 2026
- 2026The Role of Initialization in 3D Gaussian Splatting21 Mar 2026
- 2026Radiometrically Consistent Gaussian Surfels for Inverse Rendering2 Mar 2026
- 2026LuxRemix: Lighting Decomposition and Remixing for Indoor Scenes21 Jan 2026
- 2026Animated 3DGS Avatars in Diverse Scenes with Consistent Lighting and Shadows4 Jan 2026
- 2025Improved 3D Gaussian Splatting of Unknown Spacecraft Structure Using Space Environment Illumination Knowledge30 Dec 2025
- 2025MVInverse: Feed-forward Multi-view Inverse Rendering in Seconds24 Dec 2025
- 2025TraceFlow: Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Specular Scenes Driven by Ray Tracing10 Dec 2025
- 2025HybridSplat: Fast Reflection-baked Gaussian Tracing using Hybrid Splatting9 Dec 2025
- 2025NeAR: Coupled Neural Asset-Renderer Stack23 Nov 2025
- 2025Training-Free Multi-View Extension of IC-Light for Textual Position-Aware Scene Relighting17 Nov 2025
- 2025OLATverse: A Large-scale Real-world Object Dataset with Precise Lighting Control4 Nov 2025
- 2025Yesnt: Are Diffusion Relighting Models Ready for Capture Stage Compositing? A Hybrid Alternative to Bridge the Gap27 Oct 2025
- 2025Splat the Net: Radiance Fields with Splattable Neural Primitives9 Oct 2025
- 2025GS-2M: Material-aware Gaussian Splatting for High-fidelity Mesh Reconstruction26 Sep 2025
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenes24 Sep 2025
- 2025Differentiable Light Transport with Gaussian Surfels via Adapted Radiosity for Efficient Relighting and Geometry Reconstruction23 Sep 2025
- 2025ROSGS: Relightable Outdoor Scenes With Gaussian Splatting14 Sep 2025
- 2025RayGaussX: Accelerating Gaussian-Based Ray Marching for Real-Time and High-Quality Novel View Synthesis9 Sep 2025
- 2025Image-Conditioned 3D Gaussian Splat Quantization21 Aug 2025
- 2025GOGS: High-Fidelity Geometry and Relighting for Glossy Objects via Gaussian Surfels20 Aug 2025
- 2025A Real-world Display Inverse Rendering Dataset20 Aug 2025
- 2025HumanOLAT: A Large-Scale Dataset for Full-Body Human Relighting and Novel-View Synthesis12 Aug 2025
- 2025GaRe: Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scenes from Unconstrained Photo Collections28 Jul 2025
- 2025Digital Twin Generation from Visual Data: A Survey17 Apr 2025
- 2025Real-time Global Illumination for Dynamic 3D Gaussian Scenes23 Mar 2025
- 2025GroomLight: Hybrid Inverse Rendering for Relightable Human Hair Appearance Modeling13 Mar 2025
- 2024EnvGS: Modeling View-Dependent Appearance with Environment Gaussian19 Dec 2024
- 2024Monocular Facial Appearance Capture in the Wild17 Dec 2024
- 2024Differentiable Inverse Rendering with Interpretable Basis BRDFs27 Nov 2024
- 2024PR-ENDO: Physically Based Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Endoscopy19 Nov 2024
- 2024ARM: Appearance Reconstruction Model for Relightable 3D Generation16 Nov 2024
- 2025Training-Free Multi-View Extension of IC-Light for Textual Position-Aware Scene Relightingcited by 2
- 2025Yesnt: Are Diffusion Relighting Models Ready for Capture Stage Compositing? A Hybrid Alternative to Bridge the Gapcited by 1
- 2026LightCrafter: PBR-Conditioned Video Diffusion Refinement for Controllable and Consistent Relightingcited by 0
- 2026LightCrafter: PBR-Conditioned Video Diffusion Refinement for Controllable and Consistent Relighting9 Jul 2026
- 2025Training-Free Multi-View Extension of IC-Light for Textual Position-Aware Scene Relighting17 Nov 2025
- 2025Yesnt: Are Diffusion Relighting Models Ready for Capture Stage Compositing? A Hybrid Alternative to Bridge the Gap27 Oct 2025
- 2024EnvGS: Modeling View-Dependent Appearance with Environment Gaussiancited by 35
- 2025GaRe: Relightable 3D Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scenes from Unconstrained Photo Collectionscited by 11
- 2026LuxRemix: Lighting Decomposition and Remixing for Indoor Scenescited by 9
- 2024ARM: Appearance Reconstruction Model for Relightable 3D Generationcited by 7
- 2025GroomLight: Hybrid Inverse Rendering for Relightable Human Hair Appearance Modelingcited by 7
- 2025Digital Twin Generation from Visual Data: A Surveycited by 7
- 2025HumanOLAT: A Large-Scale Dataset for Full-Body Human Relighting and Novel-View Synthesiscited by 7
- 2025Splat the Net: Radiance Fields with Splattable Neural Primitivescited by 7
- 2024Differentiable Inverse Rendering with Interpretable Basis BRDFscited by 6
- 2025MVInverse: Feed-forward Multi-view Inverse Rendering in Secondscited by 6
- 2025GS-RoadPatching: Inpainting Gaussians via 3D Searching and Placing for Driving Scenescited by 5
- 2025OLATverse: A Large-scale Real-world Object Dataset with Precise Lighting Controlcited by 5
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2026Casual Flash Lighting for Gaussian Splat Inverse Rendering5 Oct 2026
- 2026VolS-GS: Relightable Gaussian Splatting with Volumetric Subsurface Scattering2 Oct 2026
- 2026RAGA: Real Time Ray Traced Gaussian Shadow Casting for 3DGS Avatar-Scene Interaction28 Jun 2026
- 2026From Sparse and Imperfect 2D Anchors to Consistent 3D Gaussian Street Scenes: Support-Aware Appearance24 Jun 2026
- 2026TRON: Tracing Rays to Orchestrate a Neural Renderer for 3D Gaussian Reconstructions9 Jun 2026
- 2026Ambient-robust Inverse Rendering using Active RGB-NIR Imaging28 May 2026
- 2026Learning View-Dependent Splatting Kernels25 May 2026
- 2026Relightable Gaussian Splatting for Virtual Production Using Image-Based Illumination9 May 2026
- 2026Differentiable Adaptive 4D Structured Illumination for Joint Capture of Shape and Reflectance7 May 2026
- 2026High-Fidelity Single-Image Head Modeling with Industry-Grade Topology6 May 2026
- 2026LumiMotion: Improving Gaussian Relighting with Scene Dynamics13 Apr 2026
- 2026Stochastic Ray Tracing for the Reconstruction of 3D Gaussian Splatting24 Mar 2026
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)